Advanced search

  • Acta Haematologica Polonica
  • Online first Recommendations for management in diagnostics and therapy in herpesviruses infections in children with malignancy or after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Online first
Guidelines / Expert consensus
Published online: 2025-02-20

open access

View PDF Download PDF file
Page views 33
Article views/downloads 9
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Recommendations for management in diagnostics and therapy in herpesviruses infections in children with malignancy or after hematopoietic cell transplantation

Krzysztof Czyżewski123, Agnieszka Sobkowiak-Sobierajska2, Anna Pieczonka2, Maksymilian Deręgowski2, Jacek Wachowiak2, Katarzyna Derwich2, Krzysztof Kałwak4, Katarzyna Drabko5, Jolanta Goździk6, Iwona Malinowska7, Paweł Łaguna7, Jan Styczyński1

Abstract

Herpesviruses infections are serious complications of therapy in patients after hematopoietic cell transplantation
(HCT). Development of infection can demonstrate a life-threatening course, abrogating the effect of previous therapy
and contributing to a dismal outcome of underlying disease. Representatives from all the transplant centers belonging
to the Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology have prepared recommendations for a strategy of
diagnostic and therapeutic management of herpesviruses infections in children.
This paper presents current recommendations for patients in immune suppression treated in Polish pediatric hematology
and HCT centers and is partly based on ECIL 2007–2019 guidelines. It includes detailed guidelines for
first- and second-line targeted therapies for CMV, EBV, HSV, VZV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8, as well as principles of
recommended dosing of antivirals.

Keywords: hematopoietic cell transplantationchildrenviral infectionsHerpes virusesdiagnosistreatment

Article available in PDF format

View PDF Download PDF file

References

  1. Sim BZ, Yong KY, Slavin MA, et al. Risk factors and outcome of concurrent and sequential multiviral cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, BK virus, adenovirus and other viral reactivations in transplantation. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022; 35(6): 536–544.
    CrossRefPubMed
  2. Czyżewski K, Styczyński J, Giebel S, et al. for Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology and Polish Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Age-dependent determinants of infectious complications profile in children and adults after hematopoietic cell transplantation: lesson from the nationwide study. Ann Hematol. 2019; 98(9): 2197–2211.
    CrossRefPubMed
  3. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Robin C, et al. 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia group. Guidelines for the management of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with haematological malignancies and after stem cell transplantation from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19(8): e260–e272.
    CrossRefPubMed
  4. Styczynski J, van der Velden W, Fox CP, et al. Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, a joint venture of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT-IDWP), the Infectious Diseases Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-IDG), the International Immunocompromised Host Society (ICHS) and the European Leukemia Net (ELN). Management of Epstein-Barr Virus infections and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-6) guidelines. Haematologica. 2016; 101(7): 803–811.
    CrossRefPubMed
  5. Ward KN, Hill JA, Hubacek P, et al. 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL). Guidelines from the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia for management of HHV-6 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2019; 104(11): 2155–2163.
    CrossRefPubMed
  6. Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, et al. Second European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the Second European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009; 43(10): 757–770.
    CrossRefPubMed
  7. Gil L, Kałwak K, Piekarska A, et al. Antifungal management in adults and children with hematological malignancies or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation: recommendations of Polish Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Polish Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, and Polish Adult Leukemia Study Group, 2020. Acta Haematologica Polonica. 2020; 51(2): 60–72.
    CrossRef
  8. Schottstedt V, Blümel J, Burger R, et al. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) - Revised. Transfus Med Hemother. 2010; 37(6): 365–375.
    CrossRefPubMed
  9. Styczynski J. Who Is the Patient at Risk of CMV Recurrence: A Review of the Current Scientific Evidence with a Focus on Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Infect Dis Ther. 2018; 7(1): 1–16.
    CrossRefPubMed
  10. Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, Khawaya F, et al. CMV Definitions Working Group of the Transplant Associated Virus Infections Forum, Disease Definitions Working Group of the Cytomegalovirus Drug Development Forum. Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64(1): 87–91.
    CrossRefPubMed
  11. Cesaro S, Ljungman P, Tridello G, et al. New trends in the management of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a survey of the Infectious Diseases Working Pary of EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2023; 58(2): 203–208.
    CrossRefPubMed
  12. Rahbarimanesh A, Ehsani M, Karahroudi M, et al. Cytomegalovirus Disease in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the Nontransplant Setting: Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2015; 37(6): 429–432.
    CrossRefPubMed
  13. Han XY. Epidemiologic analysis of reactivated cytomegalovirus antigenemia in patients with cancer. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45(4): 1126–1132.
    CrossRefPubMed
  14. Ramanathan S, Idhate T, Gulia S, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia and disease in children with haematological malignancies undergoing conventional chemotherapy: A large study from a referral cancer centre in India. Pediatric Hematology Oncology Journal. 2016; 1(2): S32.
    CrossRef
  15. Ljungman P, Chemaly RF, Khawaya F, et al. CMV Definitions Working Group of the Transplant Associated Virus Infections Forum. Consensus Definitions of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients Including Resistant and Refractory CMV for Use in Clinical Trials: 2024 Update From the Transplant Associated Virus Infections Forum. Clin Infect Dis. 2024; 79(3): 787–794.
    CrossRefPubMed
  16. Jain R, Trehan A, Mishra B, et al. Cytomegalovirus disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2016; 33(4): 239–247.
    CrossRefPubMed
  17. Heston SM, Young RR, Tanaka JS, et al. Risk Factors for CMV Viremia and Treatment-Associated Adverse Events Among Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022; 9(2): ofab639.
    CrossRefPubMed
  18. Ljungman P, de la, Alain S, et al. et al.. CMV recommendations ECIL-10 final slide set. 10th European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Nice, France. ; 2024(Access date 27.11.2024).
  19. Green ML, Leisenring W, Stachel D, et al. Efficacy of a viral load-based, risk-adapted, preemptive treatment strategy for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012; 18(11): 1687–1699.
    CrossRefPubMed
  20. Boeckh M, Nichols WG. The impact of cytomegalovirus serostatus of donor and recipient before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of antiviral prophylaxis and preemptive therapy. Blood. 2004; 103(6): 2003–2008.
    CrossRefPubMed
  21. Nichols WG, Corey L, Gooley T, et al. High risk of death due to bacterial and fungal infection among cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative recipients of stem cell transplants from seropositive donors: evidence for indirect effects of primary CMV infection. J Infect Dis. 2002; 185(3): 273–282.
    CrossRefPubMed
  22. Ljungman P, Brand R, Hoek J, et al. Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Donor cytomegalovirus status influences the outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplant: a study by the European group for blood and marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2014; 59(4): 473–481.
    CrossRefPubMed
  23. Zhou W, Longmate J, Lacey SF, et al. Impact of donor CMV status on viral infection and reconstitution of multifunction CMV-specific T cells in CMV-positive transplant recipients. Blood. 2009; 113(25): 6465–6476.
    CrossRefPubMed
  24. Gor D, Sabin C, Prentice HG, et al. Longitudinal fluctuations in cytomegalovirus load in bone marrow transplant patients: relationship between peak virus load, donor/recipient serostatus, acute GVHD and CMV disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 21(6): 597–605.
    CrossRefPubMed
  25. Ganepola S, Gentilini C, Hilbers U, et al. Patients at high risk for CMV infection and disease show delayed CD8+ T-cell immune recovery after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007; 39(5): 293–299.
    CrossRefPubMed
  26. Ozdemir E, Saliba RM, Champlin RE, et al. Risk factors associated with late cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007; 40(2): 125–136.
    CrossRefPubMed
  27. Nemeckova S, Sroller V, Stastna-Markova M. Evolution of human cytomegalovirus-seronegative donor/-seropositive recipient high-risk combination frequency in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations at Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion during 1995-2014. Transpl Infect Dis. 2016; 18(2): 297–301.
    CrossRefPubMed
  28. Cesaro S, Crocchiolo R, Tridello G, et al. Comparable survival using a CMV-matched or a mismatched donor for CMV+ patients undergoing T-replete haplo-HSCT with PT-Cy for acute leukemia: a study of behalf of the infectious diseases and acute leukemia working parties of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2018; 53(4): 422–430.
    CrossRefPubMed
  29. Ramanathan M, Teira P, Battiwalla M, et al. Impact of early CMV reactivation in cord blood stem cell recipients in the current era. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016; 51(8): 1113–1120.
    CrossRefPubMed
  30. Crocchiolo R, Castagna L, Furst S, et al. The patient's CMV serological status affects clinical outcome after T-cell replete haplo-HSCT and post-transplant cyclophosphamide. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016; 51(8): 1134–1136.
    CrossRefPubMed
  31. Bashey A, Zhang Xu, Jackson K, et al. Comparison of Outcomes of Hematopoietic Cell Transplants from T-Replete Haploidentical Donors Using Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide with 10 of 10 HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 Allele-Matched Unrelated Donors and HLA-Identical Sibling Donors: A Multivariable Analysis Including Disease Risk Index. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016; 22(1): 125–133.
    CrossRefPubMed
  32. Ciurea SO, Thall PF, Milton DR, et al. Complement-Binding Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies and Risk of Primary Graft Failure in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015; 21(8): 1392–1398.
    CrossRefPubMed
  33. Lorentino F, Labopin M, Fleischhauer K, et al. The impact of HLA matching on outcomes of unmanipulated haploidentical HSCT is modulated by GVHD prophylaxis. Blood Adv. 2017; 1(11): 669–680.
    CrossRefPubMed
  34. Marty FM, Ljungman PT, Chemaly RF, et al. Letermovir Prophylaxis for Cytomegalovirus in Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(25): 2433–2444.
    CrossRefPubMed
  35. Announcement of the Minister of Health of Septrmber 18, 2024 on the list of reimbursed medicines, foodstuffs for particular nutritional uses and medical devices as of October 1, 2024. https://www.gov. pl/web/zdrowie/obwieszczenie-ministra-zdrowia-z-dnia-18-wrzesnia-2024-r-w-sprawie-wykazu-refundowanych-lekow-srodkow-spozywczych-specjalnego-przeznaczenia-zywieniowego-oraz-wyrobow-medycznych-na-1-pazdziernika-2024-r (Access date: 27-11. 2024.
  36. Milano F, Pergam SA, Xie Hu, et al. Intensive strategy to prevent CMV disease in seropositive umbilical cord blood transplant recipients. Blood. 2011; 118(20): 5689–5696.
    CrossRefPubMed
  37. Ljungman P, de La Camara R, Milpied N, et al. Valacyclovir International Bone Marrow Transplant Study Group. Randomized study of valacyclovir as prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus reactivation in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Blood. 2002; 99(8): 3050–3056.
    CrossRefPubMed
  38. Winston DJ, Yeager AM, Chandrasekar PH, et al. Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Study Group. Randomized comparison of oral valacyclovir and intravenous ganciclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36(6): 749–758.
    CrossRefPubMed
  39. Prentice HG, Gluckman E, Powles RL, et al. Impact of long-term acyclovir on cytomegalovirus infection and survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. European Acyclovir for CMV Prophylaxis Study Group. Lancet. 1994; 343(8900): 749–753.
    CrossRefPubMed
  40. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, et al. Ganciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118(3): 179–184.
    CrossRefPubMed
  41. Goodrich JM, Bowden RA, Fisher L, et al. Ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic marrow transplant. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118(3): 173–178.
    CrossRefPubMed
  42. Boeckh M, Nichols WG, Chemaly RF, et al. Valganciclovir for the prevention of complications of late cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162(1): 1–10.
    CrossRefPubMed
  43. Montesinos P, Sanz J, Cantero S, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in patients receiving prophylaxis with oral valganciclovir or intravenous ganciclovir after umbilical cord blood transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009; 15(6): 730–740.
    CrossRefPubMed
  44. Marty FM, Ljungman P, Papanicolaou GA, et al. Maribavir 1263-300 Clinical Study Group. Maribavir prophylaxis for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of allogeneic stem-cell transplants: a phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011; 11(4): 284–292.
    CrossRefPubMed
  45. Marty FM, Winston DJ, Chemaly RF, et al. SUPPRESS Trial Clinical Study Group. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Trial of Oral Brincidofovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019; 25(2): 369–381.
    CrossRefPubMed
  46. Ordemann R, Naumann R, Geissler G, et al. Foscarnet--an alternative for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation? Ann Hematol. 2000; 79(8): 432–436.
    CrossRefPubMed
  47. Bregante S, Bertilson S, Tedone E, et al. Foscarnet prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infections in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT): a dose-finding study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000; 26(1): 23–29.
    CrossRefPubMed
  48. Cordonnier C, Chevret S, Legrand M, et al. GREFIG Study Group. Should immunoglobulin therapy be used in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation? A randomized, double-blind, dose effect, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003; 139(1): 8–18.
    CrossRefPubMed
  49. Raanani P, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, et al. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(5): 770–781.
    CrossRefPubMed
  50. Zikos P, Van Lint MT, Lamparelli T, et al. A randomized trial of high dose polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulin (HDIgG) vs. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) hyperimmune IgG in allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT). Haematologica. 1998; 83(2): 132–137.
    PubMed
  51. Winston DJ, Baden LR, Gabriel DA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir after oral valganciclovir versus intravenous ganciclovir in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients with graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006; 12(6): 635–640.
    CrossRefPubMed
  52. van der Heiden PLJ, Kalpoe JS, Barge RM, et al. Oral valganciclovir as pre-emptive therapy has similar efficacy on cytomegalovirus DNA load reduction as intravenous ganciclovir in allogeneic stem cell transplantation recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006; 37(7): 693–698.
    CrossRefPubMed
  53. Ayala E, Greene J, Sandin R, et al. Valganciclovir is safe and effective as pre-emptive therapy for CMV infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006; 37(9): 851–856.
    CrossRefPubMed
  54. Busca A, de Fabritiis P, Ghisetti V, et al. Oral valganciclovir as preemptive therapy for cytomegalovirus infection post allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007; 9(2): 102–107.
    CrossRefPubMed
  55. Reusser P, Einsele H, Lee J, et al. Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Randomized multicenter trial of foscarnet versus ganciclovir for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2002; 99(4): 1159–1164.
    CrossRefPubMed
  56. Ljungman P, Deliliers GL, Platzbecker U, et al. Cidofovir for cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. The Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood. 2001; 97(2): 388–392.
    CrossRefPubMed
  57. Platzbecker U, Bandt D, Thiede C, et al. Successful preemptive cidofovir treatment for CMV antigenemia after dose-reduced conditioning and allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Transplantation. 2001; 71(7): 880–885.
    CrossRefPubMed
  58. Cesaro S, Zhou X, Manzardo C, et al. Cidofovir for cytomegalovirus reactivation in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Virol. 2005; 34(2): 129–132.
    CrossRefPubMed
  59. Bacigalupo A, Bregante S, Tedone E, et al. Combined foscarnet -ganciclovir treatment for cytomegalovirus infections after allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (Hsct). Bone Marrow Transplant. 1996; 18 Suppl 2(2): 110–114.
    PubMed
  60. Mattes FM, Hainsworth EG, Geretti AM, et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing ganciclovir to ganciclovir plus foscarnet (each at half dose) for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2004; 189(8): 1355–1361.
    CrossRefPubMed
  61. Levi ME, Chan LK, Mandava N, et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis with systemically administered leflunomide. Transpl Infect Dis. 2006; 8(1): 38–43.
    CrossRefPubMed
  62. Kaptein SJF, Efferth T, Leis M, et al. The anti-malaria drug artesunate inhibits replication of cytomegalovirus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 2006; 69(2): 60–69.
    CrossRefPubMed
  63. Ehlert K, Groll AH, Kuehn J, et al. Treatment of refractory CMV-infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with the combination of foscarnet and leflunomide. Klin Padiatr. 2006; 218(3): 180–184.
    CrossRefPubMed
  64. Avery RK, Bolwell BJ, Yen-Lieberman B, et al. Use of leflunomide in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient with refractory cytomegalovirus infection. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004; 34(12): 1071–1075.
    CrossRefPubMed
  65. Battiwalla M, Paplham P, Almyroudis NG, et al. Leflunomide failure to control recurrent cytomegalovirus infection in the setting of renal failure after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis. 2007; 9(1): 28–32.
    CrossRefPubMed
  66. Avery RK, Alain S, Alexander BD, et al. SOLSTICE Trial Investigators. Maribavir for Refractory Cytomegalovirus Infections With or Without Resistance Post-Transplant: Results From a Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2022; 75(4): 690–701.
    CrossRefPubMed
  67. pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjuo5HTooWIAxXu9AIHHfqXENIQFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2K-25WRKMCgLKQOTbSIQW9 (Access date 21-08. LIVTENCITY (maribavir) Label - accessdata.fda.gov https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/215596lbl. (2024).
  68. Erard V, Guthrie KA, Seo S, et al. Reduced Mortality of Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Due to Antiviral Therapy and Changes in Transplantation Practices. Clin Infect Dis. 2015; 61(1): 31–39.
    CrossRefPubMed
  69. Emanuel D, Cunningham I, Jules-Elysee K, et al. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Ann Intern Med. 1988; 109(10): 777–782.
    CrossRefPubMed
  70. Reed EC, Dandliker PS, Meyers JD. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine and high-dose corticosteroids. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 105(2): 214–215.
    CrossRefPubMed
  71. Schmidt GM, Kovacs A, Zaia JA, et al. Ganciclovir/immunoglobulin combination therapy for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia in bone marrow allograft recipients. Transplantation. 1988; 46(6): 905–907.
    PubMed
  72. Ljungman P, Cordonnier C, Einsele H, et al. Use of intravenous immune globulin in addition to antiviral therapy in the treatment of CMV gastrointestinal disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: a report from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Infectious Diseases Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998; 21(5): 473–476.
    CrossRefPubMed
  73. Valencia Deray KG, Danziger-Isakov LA, Downes KJ. Current and Emerging Antiviral Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of Cytomegalovirus in Pediatric Transplant Recipients. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024; 13(Supplement_1): S14–S21.
    CrossRefPubMed
  74. Herpesvirus Antiviral Resistance Database. Available at:. https://www.unilim.fr/cnr-herpesvirus/outils/codexmv/database..
  75. Einsele H, Roosnek E, Rufer N, et al. Infusion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells for the treatment of CMV infection not responding to antiviral chemotherapy. Blood. 2002; 99(11): 3916–3922.
    CrossRefPubMed
  76. Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ, et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333(16): 1038–1044.
    CrossRefPubMed
  77. Peggs KS, Verfuerth S, Pizzey A, et al. Adoptive cellular therapy for early cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation with virus-specific T-cell lines. Lancet. 2003; 362(9393): 1375–1377.
    CrossRefPubMed
  78. Hanley PJ, Cruz CR, Savoldo B, et al. Functionally active virus-specific T cells that target CMV, adenovirus, and EBV can be expanded from naive T-cell populations in cord blood and will target a range of viral epitopes. Blood. 2009; 114(9): 1958–1967.
    CrossRefPubMed
  79. Leen AM, Bollard CM, Mendizabal AM, et al. Multicenter study of banked third-party virus-specific T cells to treat severe viral infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2013; 121(26): 5113–5123.
    CrossRefPubMed
  80. Gerdemann U, Katari UL, Papadopoulou A, et al. Safety and clinical efficacy of rapidly-generated trivirus-directed T cells as treatment for adenovirus, EBV, and CMV infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Mol Ther. 2013; 21(11): 2113–2121.
    CrossRefPubMed
  81. Riddell SR, Watanabe KS, Goodrich JM, et al. Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones. Science. 1992; 257(5067): 238–241.
    CrossRefPubMed
  82. Feuchtinger T, Opherk K, Bethge WA, et al. Adoptive transfer of pp65-specific T cells for the treatment of chemorefractory cytomegalovirus disease or reactivation after haploidentical and matched unrelated stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2010; 116(20): 4360–4367.
    CrossRefPubMed
  83. Schmitt A, Tonn T, Busch DH, et al. Adoptive transfer and selective reconstitution of streptamer-selected cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells leads to virus clearance in patients after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Transfusion. 2011; 51(3): 591–599.
    CrossRefPubMed
  84. Stemberger C, Graef P, Odendahl M, et al. Lowest numbers of primary CD8(+) T cells can reconstitute protective immunity upon adoptive immunotherapy. Blood. 2014; 124(4): 628–637.
    CrossRefPubMed
  85. Khanna N, Stuehler C, Conrad B, et al. Generation of a multipathogen-specific T-cell product for adoptive immunotherapy based on activation-dependent expression of CD154. Blood. 2011; 118(4): 1121–1131.
    CrossRefPubMed
  86. Rossini F, Terruzzi E, Cammarota S, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection after autologous stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in a group of patients undergoing a surveillance program. Transpl Infect Dis. 2005; 7(3-4): 122–125.
    CrossRefPubMed
  87. Kim JH, Goulston C, Sanders S, et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma in the era of novel chemotherapeutics and tandem transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012; 18(11): 1753–1758.
    CrossRefPubMed
  88. Sullivan KM, Majhail NS, Bredeson C, et al. Systemic Sclerosis as an Indication for Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Position Statement from the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018; 24(10): 1961–1964.
    CrossRefPubMed
  89. Cohen JI. Epstein-Barr virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(7): 481–492.
    CrossRefPubMed
  90. Styczynski J, Tridello G, Gil L, et al. Impact of Donor Epstein-Barr Virus Serostatus on the Incidence of Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients With Acute Leukemia After Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation: A Study From the Acute Leukemia and Infectious Diseases Working Parties of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(19): 2212–2220.
    CrossRefPubMed
  91. Kołodziejczak M, Gil L, de la Camara R, et al. Infectious Diseases Working Party, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Impact of donor and recipient Epstein-Barr Virus serostatus on outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Hematol. 2021; 100(3): 763–777.
    CrossRefPubMed
  92. Marjanska A, Styczynski J. Who is the patient at risk for EBV reactivation and disease: expert opinion focused on post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2023; 23(6): 539–552.
    CrossRefPubMed
  93. Swerlow S, Craig F. Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders. In: Jaffe E, Harris N, VArdiman J, Campo E, Arber D, editors. Hematopathology. St Louis: Elsevier; 2011, p. 854-66.
  94. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri SA, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016; 127(20): 2375–2390.
    CrossRefPubMed
  95. Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, et al. The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood. 2022; 140(11): 1229–1253.
    CrossRefPubMed
  96. Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022; 36(7): 1720–1748.
    CrossRefPubMed
  97. Kinzel M, Kalra A, Tripathi G, et al. Lack of both donor and recipient anti-EBV T cells in EBV seronegative recipients of grafts from seropositive donors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2023; 58(3): 332–333.
    CrossRefPubMed
  98. Marjańska A, Pogorzała M, Dziedzic M, et al. Impact of prophylaxis with rituximab on EBV-related complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in children. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1427637.
    CrossRefPubMed
  99. Keam SJ. Tabelecleucel: First Approval. Mol Diagn Ther. 2023; 27(3): 425–431.
    CrossRefPubMed
  100. Mahadeo KM, Baiocchi R, Beitinjaneh A, et al. Tabelecleucel for allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell or solid organ transplant recipients with Epstein-Barr virus-positive post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after failure of rituximab or rituximab and chemotherapy (ALLELE): a phase 3, multicentre, open-label trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024; 25(3): 376–387.
    CrossRefPubMed
  101. Styczyński J, Pogorzała M, Sadlok J, et al. Tabelecleucel: a new therapeutic option in refractory EBV-PTLD. Acta Haematologica Polonica. 2024; 55(4): 202–208.
    CrossRef
  102. Pfeiffer T, Tzannou I, Wu M, et al. Posoleucel, an Allogeneic, Off-the-Shelf Multivirus-Specific T-Cell Therapy, for the Treatment of Refractory Viral Infections in the Post-HCT Setting. Clin Cancer Res. 2023; 29(2): 324–330.
    CrossRefPubMed
  103. Styczynski J, Tridello G, Wendel L, et al. Prevalence, management, and new treatment modalities of EBV-DNA-emia and EBV-PTLD after allo-HCT: survey of Infectious Diseases Working Party EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2024; 59(1): 59–65.
    CrossRefPubMed
  104. Gil L, Styczyński J, Komarnicki M. Strategy of pre-emptive management of Epstein-Barr virus post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after stem cell transplantation: results of European transplant centers survey. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2012; 16(4): 338–340.
    CrossRefPubMed
  105. Styczynski J, Gil L, Tridello G, et al. Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Response to rituximab-based therapy and risk factor analysis in Epstein Barr Virus-related lymphoproliferative disorder after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children and adults: a study from the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57(6): 794–802.
    CrossRefPubMed
  106. Styczynski J. Managing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs. 2016; 5(1): 19–35.
    CrossRef
  107. Whitley RJ, Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet. 2001; 357(9267): 1513–1518.
    CrossRefPubMed
  108. Ballen KK, Donadio D, Bouloux C, et al. Herpes simplex virus and neutropenia following bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation. 1992; 54(3): 553–555.
    PubMed
  109. Kaufman B, Gandhi SA, Louie E, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24(3): 334–338.
    CrossRefPubMed
  110. Ferrari A, Luppi M, Potenza L, et al. Herpes simplex virus pneumonia during standard induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia: case report and review of literature. Leukemia. 2005; 19(11): 2019–2021.
    CrossRefPubMed
  111. Wingard JR, Hsu J, Hiemenz JW. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: an overview of infection risks and epidemiology. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010; 24(2): 257–272.
    CrossRefPubMed
  112. Ljungman P, Styczynski J, Einsele H. Viral Infections. The EBMT Handbook. 2018: 281–290.
    CrossRef
  113. Styczynski J. Management of Herpesvirus Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Transplantology. 2021; 2(1): 8–21.
    CrossRef
  114. Saral R, Burns WH, Laskin OL, et al. Acyclovir prophylaxis of herpes-simplex-virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1981; 305(2): 63–67.
    CrossRefPubMed
  115. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H, et al. Center for International Blood and Marrow Research, National Marrow Donor program, European Blood and MarrowTransplant Group, American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2009; 15(10): 1143–1238.
    CrossRefPubMed
  116. Hong J, Park HK, Chang SH, et al. A randomized phase II study of acyclovir for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BMC Oral Health. 2023; 23(1): 1008.
    CrossRefPubMed
  117. Ljungman P. Prevention and treatment of viral infections in stem cell transplant recipients. Br J Haematol. 2002; 118(1): 44–57.
    CrossRefPubMed
  118. Ariza-Heredia E, Chemaly R, Jiang Y, et al. Acyclovir Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus in Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2016; 22(3): S159.
    CrossRef
  119. Wada-Shimosato Y, Tanoshima R, Hiratoko K, et al. Effectiveness of acyclovir prophylaxis against varicella zoster virus disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transpl Infect Dis. 2019; 21(3): e13061.
    CrossRefPubMed
  120. Seo HM, Kim YS, Bang CH, et al. Antiviral prophylaxis for preventing herpes zoster in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antiviral Res. 2017; 140: 106–115.
    CrossRefPubMed
  121. Erard V, Guthrie KA, Varley C, et al. One-year acyclovir prophylaxis for preventing varicella-zoster virus disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation: no evidence of rebound varicella-zoster virus disease after drug discontinuation. Blood. 2007; 110(8): 3071–3077.
    CrossRefPubMed
  122. Marin M, Willis ED, Marko A, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Closure of varicella-zoster virus-containing vaccines pregnancy registry - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 63(33): 732–733.
    PubMed
  123. Lachiewicz AM, Srinivas ML. Varicella-zoster virus post-exposure management and prophylaxis: A review. Prev Med Rep. 2019; 16: 101016.
    CrossRefPubMed
  124. Marin M, Güris D, Chaves SS, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007; 56(RR-4): 1–40.
    PubMed
  125. Cordonnier C, Einarsdottir S, Cesaro S, et al. European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia group. Vaccination of haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: guidelines of the 2017 European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL 7). Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19(6): e200–e212.
    CrossRefPubMed
  126. Ljungman P, Tridello G, Piñana JL, et al. ECIL 9, ECIL-5, Infectious Diseases Working Party, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Infectious Complications Subcommittee, Spanish Group of Haematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation, Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, National Marrow Donor Program, European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Canadian Blood and Marrow Transplant Group, Infectious Disease Society of America, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. How we treat cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Blood. 2009; 113(23): 5711–5719.
    CrossRefPubMed
  127. Hatchette T, Tipples GA, Peters G, et al. Foscarnet salvage therapy for acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster: report of a novel thymidine kinase mutation and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27(1): 75–77.
    CrossRefPubMed
  128. De SK, Hart JCL, Breuer J. Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus: recent advances in therapy. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015; 28(6): 589–595.
    CrossRefPubMed
  129. Clark DA, Ward KN. Importance of chromosomally integrated HHV-6A and -6B in the diagnosis of active HHV-6 infection. Herpes. 2008; 15(2): 28–32.
    PubMed
  130. Yamanishi K, Okuno T, Shiraki K, et al. Identification of human herpesvirus-6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum. Lancet. 1988; 1(8594): 1065–1067.
    CrossRefPubMed
  131. Cone RW, Hackman RC, Huang ML, et al. Human herpesvirus 6 in lung tissue from patients with pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(3): 156–161.
    CrossRefPubMed
  132. Michálek J, Horvath R, Michálek J, et al. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children with cancer. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999; 16(5): 423–430.
    CrossRefPubMed
  133. Hill JA, Magaret AS, Hall-Sedlak R, et al. Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation using donors or recipients with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6. Blood. 2017; 130(8): 1062–1069.
    CrossRefPubMed
  134. Pichereau C, Desseaux K, Janin A, et al. The complex relationship between human herpesvirus 6 and acute graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012; 18(1): 141–144.
    CrossRefPubMed
  135. Olson AL, Politikos I, Brunstein C, et al. American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Cord Blood Special Interest Group. Guidelines for Infection Prophylaxis, Monitoring and Therapy in Cord Blood Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther. 2021; 27(5): 359–362.
    CrossRefPubMed
  136. Boutolleau D, Fernandez C, André E, et al. Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7: two closely related viruses with different infection profiles in stem cell transplantation recipients. J Infect Dis. 2003; 187(2): 179–186.
    CrossRefPubMed
  137. Mikulska M, Balletto E, Mularoni A. Human herpesvirus 8 and Kaposi sarcoma: how should we screen and manage the transplant recipient? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2021; 34(6): 646–653.
    CrossRefPubMed
  138. Cesaro S, Tridello G, van der Werf S, et al. Incidence and outcome of Kaposi sarcoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis and a review of the literature, on behalf of infectious diseases working party of EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020; 55(1): 110–116.
    CrossRefPubMed
  139. Ljungman P, de la Camara R, Cordonnier C, et al. European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Management of CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and Kaposi-sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV-8) infections in patients with hematological malignancies and after SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008; 42(4): 227–240.
    CrossRefPubMed
  140. Management of herpes virus infections following transplantation. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000; 45(6): 729–748.
    CrossRefPubMed
  141. Pellett Madan R, Hand J. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019; 33(9): e13518.
    CrossRefPubMed

About cookies

Necessary cookies

Allways active

These cookies are necessary for the proper display and operation of the website. Blocking them may cause the website to malfunction.

Analytical cookies

As part of our website, we use analytical tools, such as Google Analytics, that allow us to verify website traffic. These tools may require the use of cookies.

Community cookies

These are cookies associated with the social networks we use. Accepting them will allow us to associate your visit to the site with our social media profiles.

Marketing cookies

These are cookies responsible for carrying out advertising and marketing activities - consenting to their use will allow us to target you with advertisements based on your previous activities within our website.

Copyright © 2023-2025 Via Medica Regulations Cookie policy Privacy Statement Legal Note