Vol 14, No 4 (2018)
Guidelines / Expert consensus
Published online: 2018-03-09
Page views 2309
Article views/downloads 0
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Breast cancer

Jacek Jassem1, Maciej Krzakowski2
DOI: 10.5603/OCP.2018.0027
Oncol Clin Pract 2018;14(4):171-215.

Abstract

Not available

References

  1. Didkowska J, Wojciechowska U. Nowotwory złośliwe w Polsce w 2013 roku. Centrum Onkologii – Instytut im. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie. , Warszawa 2015.
  2. Perry N, Broeders M, de Wolf C. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis European Commission. Wyd. 4. European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis European Commission. Wyd. 4. European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luksemburg 2006: Luksemburg.
  3. D’Orsi CJ, Sickles EA, Mendelson EB, et al. ACR BI-RADS® Atlas, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. Reston, VA. American College of Radiology. 2018.
  4. Brożek I, Limon J. Poradnictwo genetyczne w dziedzicznym raku piersi. W: Jassem J, Krzakowski M (red). Rak piersi. Praktyczny przewodnik dla lekarzy. Via Medica, Gdańsk 2009: 20–31.
  5. NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: genetic/familial high risk assessment: breast & ovarian. Version 2.2016 ed2016. www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/genetics_screening.pdf (24.10.2017).
  6. Paluch-Shimon S, Cardoso F, Sessa C, et al. ESMO Guidelines Committee. Prevention and screening in BRCA mutation carriers and other breast/ovarian hereditary cancer syndromes: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for cancer prevention and screening. Ann Oncol. 2016; 27(suppl 5): v103–v110.
  7. Kurian AW, Hare EE, Mills MA, et al. Clinical evaluation of a multiple-gene sequencing panel for hereditary cancer risk assessment. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(19): 2001–2009.
  8. Antoniou AC, Hardy R, Walker L, et al. Predicting the likelihood of carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation: validation of BOADICEA, BRCAPRO, IBIS, Myriad and the Manchester scoring system using data from UK genetics clinics. J Med Genet. 2008; 45(7): 425–431.
  9. Levy-Lahad E, Friedman E. Cancer risks among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer. 2007; 96(1): 11–15.
  10. Kuhl C, Schrading S, Leutner C, et al. Mammography, Breast Ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Surveillance of Women at High Familial Risk for Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005; 23(33): 8469–8476.
  11. De Felice F, Marchetti C, Musella A, et al. Bilateral risk-reduction mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015; 22(9): 2876–2880.
  12. Rebbeck TR, Kauff ND, Domchek SM. Meta-analysis of risk reduction estimates associated with risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101(2): 80–87.
  13. Curigliano G, Burstein HJ, Winer EP, et al. Panel Members of the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017, St. Gallen International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017. De-escalating and escalating treatments for early-stage breast cancer: the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus Conference on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28(8): 1700–1712.
  14. Amin BA, Edge SB. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. Springer, New York 2017.
  15. Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ. WHO Classification of tumours of the breast. IARC Press, Lyon, France 2013.
  16. Singh K, Tantravahi U, Lomme MM, et al. Updated 2013 College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncology (CAP/ASCO) guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) testing increase HER2 positive and HER2 equivocal breast cancer cases; retrospective study of HER2 FISH results of 836 invasive breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 157(3): 405–411.
  17. Pinder SE, Provenzano E, Earl H, et al. Laboratory handling and histology reporting of breast specimens from patients who have received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Histopathology. 2007; 50(4): 409–417.
  18. Sardanelli F, Fallenberg EM, Clauser P, et al. European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI), with language review by Europa Donna–The European Breast Cancer Coalition. Mammography: an update of the EUSOBI recommendations on information for women. Insights Imaging. 2017; 8(1): 11–18.
  19. Bhimani C, Matta D, Roth RG, et al. Contrast-enhanced Spectral Mammography: Technique, Indications, and Clinical Applications. Acad Radiol. 2017; 24(1): 84–88.
  20. Sardanelli F, Boetes C, Borisch B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: recommendations from the EUSOMA working group. Eur J Cancer. 2010; 46(8): 1296–1316.
  21. Mann RM, Balleyguier C, Baltzer PA, et al. European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI), with language review by Europa Donna–The European Breast Cancer Coalition. Breast MRI: EUSOBI recommendations for women's information. Eur Radiol. 2015; 25(12): 3669–3678.
  22. Morrow M, Waters J, Morris E. MRI for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet. 2011; 378(9805): 1804–1811.
  23. Iacconi C. Diffusion and perfusion of the breast. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 76(3): 386–390.
  24. Krzakowski M, Rutkowski P, Jassem J, et al. Recommendations on the application of positron emission tomography in oncology. Oncol Clin Pract. 2015; 11: 155–171.
  25. Nowecki ZI, Jeziorski A. Chirurgiczne leczenie zmian nowotworowych piersi. Konsensus Polskiego Towarzystwa Chirurgii Onkologicznej. Onkol Prakt Klin Edu. 2017; 3: 93–153.
  26. Morrow M, Van Zee KJ, Solin LJ, et al. Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology-American Society of Clinical Oncology Consensus Guideline on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery With Whole-Breast Irradiation in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(33): 4040–4046.
  27. Goodwin A, Parker S, Ghersi D, et al. Post-operative radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 11: CD000563.
  28. Sagara Y, Freedman RA, Vaz-Luis I, et al. Patient Prognostic Score and Associations With Survival Improvement Offered by Radiotherapy After Breast-Conserving Surgery for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Population-Based Longitudinal Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(11): 1190–1196.
  29. Stuart KE, Houssami N, Taylor R, et al. Long-term outcomes of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. BMC Cancer. 2015; 15: 890.
  30. Mitchell KB, Kuerer H. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Treatment Update and Current Trends. Curr Oncol Rep. 2015; 17(11): 48.
  31. Wapnir IL, Dignam JJ, Fisher B, et al. Long-term outcomes of invasive ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences after lumpectomy in NSABP B-17 and B-24 randomized clinical trials for DCIS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(6): 478–488.
  32. Narod SA, Iqbal J, Giannakeas V, et al. Breast Cancer Mortality After a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1(7): 888–896.
  33. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Pinder SE, et al. Effect of tamoxifen and radiotherapy in women with locally excised ductal carcinoma in situ: long-term results from the UK/ANZ DCIS trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(1): 21–29.
  34. Margolese RG, Cecchini RS, Julian TB, et al. Anastrozole versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with ductal carcinoma in situ undergoing lumpectomy plus radiotherapy (NSABP B-35): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet. 2016; 387(10021): 849–856.
  35. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(16): 1233–1241.
  36. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast-conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347(16): 1227–1232.
  37. Moran MS, Schnitt SJ, Giuliano AE, et al. Society of Surgical Oncology, American Society for Radiation Oncology. Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology consensus guideline on margins for breast-conserving surgery with whole-breast irradiation in stages I and II invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(14): 1507–1515.
  38. Lyman GH, Temin S, Edge SB, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with early-stage breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(13): 1365–1383.
  39. Giuliano AE, Ballman KV, McCall L, et al. Effect of Axillary Dissection vs No Axillary Dissection on 10-Year Overall Survival Among Women With Invasive Breast Cancer and Sentinel Node Metastasis: The ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017; 318(10): 918–926.
  40. Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME, et al. Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(12): 1303–1310.
  41. Jeziorski A. Węzeł chłonny wartowniczy. Via Medica, Gdańsk, 2014 .
  42. Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, et al. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effect of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery on 10-year recurrence and 15-year breast cancer death: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 10,801 women in 17 randomised trials. Lancet. 2011; 378(9804): 1707–1716.
  43. Smith BD, Bentzen SM, Correa CR, et al. Fractionation for whole breast irradiation: an American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) evidence-based guideline. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011; 81(1): 59–68.
  44. Vrieling C, van Werkhoven E, Maingon P, et al. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Radiation Oncology and Breast Cancer Groups, EORTC Radiation Oncology and Breast Cancer Groups, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology and Breast Cancer Groups. Whole-breast irradiation with or without a boost for patients treated with breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer: 20-year follow-up of a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16(1): 47–56.
  45. Strnad V, Ott OJ, Hildebrandt G, et al. Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie of European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO). 5-year results of accelerated partial breast irradiation using sole interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation with boost after breast-conserving surgery for low-risk invasive and in-situ carcinoma of the female breast: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2016; 387(10015): 229–238.
  46. Vaidya JS, Wenz F, Bulsara M, et al. TARGIT trialists' group. Risk-adapted targeted intraoperative radiotherapy versus whole-breast radiotherapy for breast cancer: 5-year results for local control and overall survival from the TARGIT-A randomised trial. Lancet. 2014; 383(9917): 603–613.
  47. Veronesi U, Orecchia R, Maisonneuve P, et al. Intraoperative radiotherapy versus external radiotherapy for early breast cancer (ELIOT): a randomised controlled equivalence trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(13): 1269–1277.
  48. McGale P, Taylor C, Correa C, et al. EBCTCG (Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group). Effect of radiotherapy after mastectomy and axillary surgery on 10-year recurrence and 20-year breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 8135 women in 22 randomised trials. Lancet. 2014; 383(9935): 2127–2135.
  49. Poortmans PM, Collette S, Kirkove C, et al. EORTC Radiation Oncology and Breast Cancer Groups. Internal Mammary and Medial Supraclavicular Irradiation in Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(4): 317–327.
  50. Mauri D, Pavlidis N, Ioannidis JPA. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(3): 188–194.
  51. Gagliato Dd, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Lei X, et al. Clinical impact of delaying initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(8): 735–744.
  52. Albain KS, Barlow WE, Ravdin PM, et al. Breast Cancer Intergroup of North America. Adjuvant chemotherapy and timing of tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive, node-positive breast cancer: a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374(9707): 2055–2063.
  53. Yi M, Huo L, Koenig KB, et al. Which threshold for ER positivity? a retrospective study based on 9639 patients. Ann Oncol. 2014; 25(5): 1004–1011.
  54. Davies C, Pan H, Godwin J, et al. Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Longer Against Shorter (ATLAS) Collaborative Group. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013; 381(9869): 805–816.
  55. Al-Mubarak M, Tibau A, Templeton AJ, et al. Extended adjuvant tamoxifen for early breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Miller T.W. (red.). PLoS ONE. 2014; 9: e88238.
  56. Pagani O, Regan MM, Walley BA, et al. TEXT and SOFT Investigators, International Breast Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(2): 107–118.
  57. Francis PA, Regan MM, Fleming GF, et al. SOFT Investigators, International Breast Cancer Study Group, TEXT and SOFT Investigators, International Breast Cancer Study Group. Adjuvant exemestane with ovarian suppression in premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(2): 107–118.
  58. Munhoz RR, Pereira AAL, Sasse AD, et al. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists for Ovarian Function Preservation in Premenopausal Women Undergoing Chemotherapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2016; 2(1): 65–73.
  59. Cataliotti L, Buzdar AU, Noguchi S, et al. Comparison of anastrozole versus tamoxifen as preoperative therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: the Pre-Operative. Cancer. 2006; 106(10): 2095–2103.
  60. Smith IE, Dowsett M, Ebbs SR, et al. IMPACT Trialists Group. Neoadjuvant treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or both in combination: the Immediate Preoperative Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, or Combined with Tamoxifen (IMPACT) multicenter double-blind randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005; 23(22): 5108–5116.
  61. Eiermann W, Paepke S, Appfelstaedt J, et al. Letrozole Neo-Adjuvant Breast Cancer Study Group. Preoperative treatment of postmenopausal breast cancer patients with letrozole: A randomized double-blind multicenter study. Ann Oncol. 2001; 12(11): 1527–1532.
  62. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2015; 386(10001): 1341–1352.
  63. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. Randomized trial of letrozole following tamoxifen as extended adjuvant therapy in receptor-positive breast cancer: updated findings from NCIC CTG MA.17. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(17): 1262–1271.
  64. Jakesz R, Greil R, Gnant M, et al. Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Extended adjuvant therapy with anastrozole among postmenopausal breast cancer patients: results from the randomized Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group Trial 6a. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007; 99(24): 1845–1853.
  65. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Pritchard KI, et al. Extending Aromatase-Inhibitor Adjuvant Therapy to 10 Years. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(3): 209–219.
  66. Metzger Filho O, Giobbie-Hurder A, Mallon E, et al. Relative Effectiveness of Letrozole Compared With Tamoxifen for Patients With Lobular Carcinoma in the BIG 1-98 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(25): 2772–2779.
  67. Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2011; 28(3): 753–765.
  68. Desmarais JE, Looper KJ. Interactions between tamoxifen and antidepressants via cytochrome P450 2D6. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009; 70(12): 1688–1697.
  69. Braithwaite RS, Chlebowski RT, Lau J, et al. Meta-analysis of vascular and neoplastic events associated with tamoxifen. J Gen Intern Med. 2003; 18(11): 937–947.
  70. Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Moliterni A, et al. Adjuvant Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil in Node-Positive Breast Cancer — The Results of 20 Years of Follow-up. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 332(14): 901–906.
  71. Del Mastro L, De Placido S, Bruzzi P, et al. Gruppo Italiano Mammella (GIM) investigators. Fluorouracil and dose-dense chemotherapy in adjuvant treatment of patients with early-stage breast cancer: an open-label, 2 × 2 factorial, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015; 385(9980): 1863–1872.
  72. Martín M, Seguí MA, Antón A, et al. GEICAM 9805 Investigators. Adjuvant docetaxel for high-risk, node-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(23): 2200–2210.
  73. Blum J, Flynn P, Yothers G, et al. Anthracyclines in Early Breast Cancer: The ABC Trials—USOR 06-090, NSABP B-46-I/USOR 07132, and NSABP B-49 (NRG Oncology). Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017; 35(23): 2647–2655.
  74. Sparano JA, Zhao F, Martino S, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of the E1199 Phase III Trial Evaluating the Role of Taxane and Schedule in Operable Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(21): 2353–2360.
  75. Bonilla L, Ben-Aharon I, Vidal L, et al. Dose-dense chemotherapy in nonmetastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102(24): 1845–1854.
  76. von Minckwitz G, Schneeweiss A, Loibl S, et al. Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto; GBG 66): a randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(7): 747–756.
  77. von Minckwitz G, Untch M, Blohmer JU, et al. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(15): 1796–1804.
  78. Masuda N, Lee SJ, Ohtani S, et al. Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2017; 376(22): 2147–2159.
  79. Goldhirsch A, Gelber RD, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, et al. Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) Trial Study Team. 2 years versus 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer (HERA): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013; 382(9897): 1021–1028.
  80. Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Breast Cancer International Research Group. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(14): 1273–1283.
  81. Perez EA, Romond EH, Suman VJ, et al. Four-year follow-up of trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: joint analysis of data from NCCTG N9831 and NSABP B-31. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(25): 3366–3373.
  82. Gianni L, Eiermann W, Semiglazov V, et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive locally advanced breast cancer (NOAH): follow-up of a randomised controlled superiority trial with a parallel HER2-negative cohort. The Lancet Oncology. 2014; 15(6): 640–647.
  83. Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, et al. 5-year analysis of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(6): 791–800.
  84. Perez EA, Suman VJ, Davidson NE, et al. Sequential versus concurrent trastuzumab in adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(34): 4491–4497.
  85. Tolaney SM, Barry WT, Dang CT, et al. Adjuvant paclitaxel and trastuzumab for node-negative, HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(2): 134–141.
  86. Piccart-Gebhart M, Holmes E, Baselga J, et al. Adjuvant Lapatinib and Trastuzumab for Early Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Breast Cancer: Results From the Randomized Phase III Adjuvant Lapatinib and/or Trastuzumab Treatment Optimization Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(10): 1034–1042.
  87. von Minckwitz G, Procter M, de Azambuja E, et al. APHINITY Steering Committee and Investigators. Adjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017; 377(2): 122–131.
  88. Martin M, Holmes FA, Ejlertsen B, et al. ExteNET Study Group. Neratinib after trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer (ExteNET): 5-year analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(12): 1688–1700.
  89. Adjuvant bisphosphonate treatment in early breast cancer: meta-analyses of individual patient data from randomised trials. The Lancet. 2015; 386(10001): 1353–1361.
  90. Muss HB, Berry DA, Cirrincione CT, et al. CALGB Investigators. Adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360(20): 2055–2065.
  91. Perrone F, Nuzzo F, Di Rella F, et al. Weekly docetaxel versus CMF as adjuvant chemotherapy for older women with early breast cancer: final results of the randomized phase III ELDA trial. Ann Oncol. 2015; 26(4): 675–682.
  92. Wu SG, Zhang WW, Sun JY, et al. Comparable Survival between Additional Radiotherapy and Local Surgery in Occult Breast Cancer after Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Population-based Analysis. J Cancer. 2017; 8(18): 3849–3855.
  93. Aebi S, Gelber S, Anderson SJ, et al. CALOR investigators. Chemotherapy for isolated locoregional recurrence of breast cancer (CALOR): a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(2): 156–163.
  94. Cardoso F, Costa A, Senkus E, et al. 3rd ESO–ESMO International Consensus Guidelines for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC 3). Annals of Oncology. 2017; 28(12): 3111–3111.
  95. Klijn JG, Blamey RW, Boccardo F, et al. Combined Hormone Agents Trialists' Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Combined tamoxifen and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist versus LHRH agonist alone in premenopausal advanced breast cancer: a meta-analysis of four randomized trials. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19(2): 343–353.
  96. Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, et al. Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(12): CD008792.
  97. Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, et al. Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344(11): 783–792.
  98. André F, Bachelot T, Commo F, et al. Comparative genomic hybridisation array and DNA sequencing to direct treatment of metastatic breast cancer: a multicentre, prospective trial (SAFIR01/UNICANCER). Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15(3): 267–274.
  99. Robertson J, Bondarenko I, Trishkina E, et al. Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer (FALCON): an international, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2016; 388(10063): 2997–3005.
  100. Gibson L, Lawrence D, Dawson C, et al. Aromatase inhibitors for treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1): CD003370.
  101. Hortobagyi GN, Stemmer SM, Burris HA, et al. Ribociclib as First-Line Therapy for HR-Positive, Advanced Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(18): 1738–1748.
  102. Turner NC, Finn RS, Martin M, et al. Palbociclib and Letrozole in Advanced Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375(20): 1925–1936.
  103. Turner NC, Ro J, André F, et al. PALOMA3 Study Group. Palbociclib in Hormone-Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(3): 209–219.
  104. Finn RS, Crown JP, Lang I, et al. The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16(1): 25–35.
  105. Goetz MP, Toi M, Campone M, et al. MONARCH 3: Abemaciclib As Initial Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35(32): 3638–3646.
  106. Cristofanilli M, Turner NC, Bondarenko I, et al. Fulvestrant plus palbociclib versus fulvestrant plus placebo for treatment of hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer that progressed on previous endocrine therapy (PALOMA-3): final analysis of the multicentre, double-blind, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016; 17(4): 425–439.
  107. Sledge GW, Toi M, Neven P, et al. MONARCH 2: Abemaciclib in Combination With Fulvestrant in Women With HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer Who Had Progressed While Receiving Endocrine Therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35(25): 2875–2884.
  108. Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(6): 520–529.
  109. Balduzzi S, Mantarro S, Guarneri V, et al. Trastuzumab-containing regimens for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(6): CD006242.
  110. Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim SB, et al. CLEOPATRA Study Group. Pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(8): 724–734.
  111. Miles D, Im YH, Fung A, et al. Effect of docetaxel duration on clinical outcomes: exploratory analysis of CLEOPATRA, a phase III randomized controlled trial. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28(11): 2761–2767.
  112. Kaufman B, Mackey JR, Clemens MR, et al. Trastuzumab plus anastrozole versus anastrozole alone for the treatment of postmenopausal women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III TAnDEM study. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(33): 5529–5537.
  113. Johnston S, Pippen J, Pivot X, et al. Lapatinib combined with letrozole versus letrozole and placebo as first-line therapy for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(33): 5538–5546.
  114. von Minckwitz G, du Bois A, Schmidt M, et al. Trastuzumab beyond progression in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive advanced breast cancer: a german breast group 26/breast international group 03-05 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(12): 1999–2006.
  115. Cameron D, Casey M, Oliva C, et al. Lapatinib plus capecitabine in women with HER-2-positive advanced breast cancer: final survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial. Oncologist. 2010; 15(9): 924–934.
  116. Blackwell KL, Burstein HJ, Storniolo AM, et al. Overall survival benefit with lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer: final results from the EGF104900 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(21): 2585–2592.
  117. Diéras V, Miles D, Verma S, et al. EMILIA Study Group. Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367(19): 1783–1791.
  118. Krop IE, Kim SB, Martin AG, et al. Trastuzumab emtansine versus treatment of physician's choice in patients with previously treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (TH3RESA): final overall survival results from a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(6): 743–754.
  119. Munzone E, Colleoni M. Clinical overview of metronomic chemotherapy in breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015; 12(11): 631–644.
  120. Tutt A, Ellis P, Kilburn L, et al. Abstract S3-01: The TNT trial: A randomized phase III trial of carboplatin (C) compared with docetaxel (D) for patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced triple negative orBRCA1/2breast cancer (CRUK/07/012). Cancer Research. 2015; 75(9 Supplement): S3-01-S3–01.
  121. Ramakrishna N, Temin S, Chandarlapaty S, et al. Recommendations on disease management for patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(19): 2100–2108.
  122. Kantarjian H, Yap HY, Hortobagyi G, et al. Hormonal therapy for metastatic male breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1983; 143(2): 237–240.
  123. Mauras N, O'Brien KO, Klein KO, et al. Estrogen suppression in males: metabolic effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(7): 2370–2377.
  124. Zagouri F, Sergentanis TN, Azim HA, et al. Aromatase inhibitors in male breast cancer: a pooled analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015; 151(1): 141–147.
  125. Van Poznak CH, Temin S, Yee GC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology. American Society of Clinical Oncology executive summary of the clinical practice guideline update on the role of bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(9): 1221–1227.
  126. Hortobagyi GN, Van Poznak C, Harker WG, et al. Continued Treatment Effect of Zoledronic Acid Dosing Every 12 vs 4 Weeks in Women With Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone: The OPTIMIZE-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017; 3(7): 906–912.
  127. Amadori D, Aglietta M, Alessi B, et al. Efficacy and safety of 12-weekly versus 4-weekly zoledronic acid for prolonged treatment of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer (ZOOM): a phase 3, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(7): 663–670.
  128. Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28(35): 5132–5139.
  129. Lutz S, Balboni T, Jones J, et al. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: Update of an ASTRO Evidence-Based Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017; 7(1): 4–12.
  130. Finlay IG, Mason MD, Shelley M. Radioisotopes for the palliation of metastatic bone cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2005; 6(6): 392–400.
  131. Thomas A, Khan SA, Chrischilles EA, et al. Initial Surgery and Survival in Stage IV Breast Cancer in the United States, 1988-2011. JAMA Surg. 2016; 151(5): 424–431.
  132. Playdon MC, Bracken MB, Sanft TB, et al. Weight Gain After Breast Cancer Diagnosis and All-Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015; 107(12): djv275.
  133. Passarelli MN, Newcomb PA, Hampton JM, et al. Cigarette Smoking Before and After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Mortality From Breast Cancer and Smoking-Related Diseases. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(12): 1315–1322.
  134. de Bock GH, Bonnema J, van der Hage J, et al. Effectiveness of routine visits and routine tests in detecting isolated locoregional recurrences after treatment for early-stage invasive breast cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(19): 4010–4018.
  135. Montgomery DA, Krupa K, Cooke TG. Follow-up in breast cancer: does routine clinical examination improve outcome? A systematic review of the literature. Br J Cancer. 2007; 97(12): 1632–1641.
  136. Lu W, de Bock GH, Schaapveld M, et al. The value of routine physical examination in the follow up of women with a history of early breast cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2011; 47(5): 676–682.
  137. Moschetti I, Cinquini M, Lambertini M, et al. Follow-up strategies for women treated for early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016(5): CD001768.
  138. Jassem J, Duchnowska R, Kawecki A, et al. Badania kontrolne po leczeniu w najczęstszych nowotworach litych u dorosłych. Now J Oncol. 2014; 64(5): 415–435.
  139. , et al Intensive Diagnostic Follow-up After Treatment of Primary Breast Cancer. A randomized trial. National Research Council Project on Breast Cancer follow-up. . JAMA. 1994; 271(20): 1593–1597.
  140. Impact of follow-up testing on survival and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The GIVIO Investigators. JAMA. 1994; 271(20): 1587–1592.