Vol 80, No 12 (2022)
Original article
Published online: 2022-09-01

open access

Page views 3587
Article views/downloads 552
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Original article

Clinical outcomes in patients undergoing complex high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention and hemodynamic support with an intra-aortic balloon versus an Impella pump: Real-life single-center preliminary results

Rafał Januszek1Artur Pawlik1Łukasz Rzeszutko2Krzysztof Bartuś3Stanisław Bartuś2
1Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
2Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland

Correspondence to:

Rafał Januszek, MD, PhD,

Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions,

University Hospital in Kraków,

Kopernika 17, 31–501 Kraków, Poland,

phone: +48 12 424 71 70,

e-mail: jaanraf@interia.pl

Copyright by the Author(s), 2022

DOI: 10.33963/KP.a2022.0203

Received: April 26, 2022

Accepted: August 10, 2022

Early publication date: September 1, 2022

ABSTRACT
Background: Patients and mechanical circulatory support assortment, as well as periprocedural and post-procedural clinical outcomes in complex high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) underpinned by percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pLVAD) are the subject of debate.
Aims: The study aimed to identify differences between patients qualified for complex high-risk PCIs with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or Impella pump support and to compare peri- and post-procedural clinical outcomes.
Methods: The presented analysis is a single-center study, which comprised consecutive patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs performed with the pLVAD, either IABP or Impella. Patients included in the current analysis were recruited between January 2018 and December 2021. There were 28 (56%) patients in the Impella group and 22 (44%) in the IABP group. The primary endpoints included overall mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) such as all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and cerebrovascular events.
Results: Patients from the IABP group were significantly older, had higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and less frequent history of PCI, while the in-hospital risk of death assessed by EuroSCORE II remained similar in the Impella and IABP groups (median interquartile range [IQR] 2.8 [23.8] vs. 2.5 [1.85.2]; P = 0.73). Patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs with pLVAD support presented similar results during the follow-up, assessed by log-rank estimates in terms of MACE (p = 0.41) and mortality rate (p = 0.65).
Conclusions: The use of pLVAD devices in patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs, with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, is a promising treatment option for patients disqualified from surgery by cardiac surgeons.
Key words: clinical outcomes, complex and high-risk PCI, Impella pump, intra-aortic balloon pump, percutaneous left ventricular assist device

WHAT’S NEW?

The use of percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pLVAD) in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) undergoing complex high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) is a treatment option for patients disqualified from surgery by cardiac surgeons. This analysis is a single-center prospective study, which comprised consecutive patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs performed with pLVAD, either using an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or an Impella pump. The current study included 50 patients, 28 (56%) of whom were treated with PCI assisted via Impella and 22 (44%) by IABP. The results of percutaneous treatment in this group of patients differ depending on the type of the implemented left ventricular support and remain at a comparable and acceptable level in relation to the studies published by other authors. The differences in treatment outcomes between the group of patients treated with Impella and the group of patients who underwent IABP certainly result, to a significant extent, from the baseline characteristics of patients and their procedure-related risks.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of short-term percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pLVADs). They are most frequently implemented in patients with acute heart failure (cardiogenic shock) or complex high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). The main purpose of their use is to assist in relieving the heart by generating cardiac output, and thus reduce the demand of the heart muscle for oxygen during the procedure while securing flow during systemic and coronary circulation [1, 2]. The practicality, safety, and hemodynamic effectiveness of pLVAD in patients treated with PCI due to complex multi-vessel disease of the coronary arteries, often accompanied by low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), has been previously demonstrated in comparative studies. This was done by comparing Impella pumps (Abiomed Inc., Danvers, MA, US) to intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) (MAQUET, Fairfield, NJ, US) [3, 4], as well as in single-device studies, dedicated to Impella pLVAD [5–8]. Similar research in which pLVAD efficacy was assessed among patients treated with PCI and IABP support did not provide such obvious evidence [9]. Comparable peri- and procedural clinical outcomes in patients undergoing revascularization of the coronary artery in multi-vessel disease via coronary artery bypass grafting or protected PCI with the Impella pump have been demonstrated [10].

The current European Society of Cardiology guidelines on myocardial revascularization indicate that existing evidence for pLVAD implementation is insufficient to recommend its clinical use in cardiogenic shock (class III, level B) [11]. Moreover, in these guidelines, there is no mention of the use of pLVAD in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. Also, guidelines on the management of patients with chronic coronary syndromes do not even include pLVAD usage [12].

The current study aimed to identify differences between patients qualified for complex high-risk PCIs with IABP or Impella pump support and to compare peri- and post-procedural clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Patients

This analysis is a single-center, prospective study, which comprised consecutive patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs performed with pLVAD either using IABP (22 patients) or Impella (28 patients). Screening of patients to qualify them for LVAD treatment was based on coronary angiography, assessment of general clinical condition, presence of comorbidities, including the EuroSCORE II, frailty scale, assessment of the complexity and advancement of atherosclerotic lesions, e.g. using the SYNTAX score, echocardiographic assessment, including vitality of the heart muscle using selected imaging methods such as, for example, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or stress echocardiography, assessment of vascular access using ultrasound, or, in selected cases, using computed tomography angiography [13–15]. Based on this, all patients were qualified for percutaneous treatment in a local “heart team” council, comprising a cardiac surgeon, interventional cardiologist, and conservative cardiologist. Patients qualified for percutaneous treatment were disqualified from surgical operations or did not consent to undergo high-risk cardiovascular procedures. Participants included in the current analysis were enrolled between January 2018 and December 2021. Those experiencing cardiogenic shock and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the previous 24 hours were excluded from the evaluation. The study is retrospective, and therefore it did not require approval of the local ethics committee, each patient included in the study signed appropriate consent for the PCI procedure and, if necessary, in selected cases, an annex about the lack of consent to cardiac surgery treatment.

Vascular access

The current analysis included only patients with femoral access. In the case of a 14-French sheath from the Impella CP system, initially a 6-French sheath was inserted into the common femoral artery under ultrasound control. Subsequently, contralateral angiography was performed to visualize adequate anatomical conditions. After the introduction of the pLVAD, PCI was performed via contralateral femoral ipsilateral access by the puncturing Impella sheath, or by radial access. Punctures after IABP (7.5 F) use were closed by vessel compression or with a single Angio-Seal VIP 8 F (AS; Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), which was left to the operator’s discretion. While after removing the Impella pump’s sheath, the artery was managed by Perclose Proglide (PP; Abbott Vascular, CA, US) and/or Angio-Seal VIP 8 French (AS; Terumo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) by applying 1 of the combinations: double Angio-Seal VIP, double Perclose Proglide, or Angio-Seal VIP plus Perclose Proglide. The choice of vascular closure method was left to the discretion of the operator.

Definitions

The primary endpoint of the current analysis included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which were defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, revascularization: either surgical or percutaneous (Re-PCI; target lesion revascularization; target vessel revascularization), and/or cerebrovascular events, i.e. stroke or transient ischemic events. We also assessed vascular access site complications which occurred during hospitalization. Periprocedural bleeding was evaluated according to the scale provided by the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) [16]. Data on MACE were collected based on analysis of medical records in our clinic and telephone follow-up, which was accurate because, during the patient’s hospitalization, we collected telephone contacts with family members or other persons authorized by the patient to provide information on an ongoing basis. Data on periprocedural complications, mainly bleeding and complications related to vascular access, were collected on an ongoing basis.

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range [IQR]) because all presented variables did not meet normality distribution criteria. Whether the distribution was normal was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and all data presented in the tables were not normally distributed. For this reason, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared via Pearson’s χ2 or Fisher’s exact test if 20% of cells had an expected count of less than 5. Ordinal variables were compared with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. To analyze the survival rate in the selected risk groups, Kaplan-Meier curves were drawn. The log-rank statistic was applied to test the differences in the outcome between the groups. Two-sided P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP®, Version 16.1.0 (SAS Institute INC., Cary, NC, US).

RESULTS

The current study included 50 patients, 28 (56%) of whom were treated with PCI assisted via Impella and 22 (44%) by IABP.

General characteristics at baseline

Patients treated with the Impella pLVAD were younger compared to those treated via IABP (67.6 [8.3] vs. 74.6 [9.6] years; P = 0.01). Mean LVEF was lower among patients from the Impella pLVAD group compared to IABP (20.8 [6.5] vs. 33.6 [16.3]%; P = 0.005) (Supplementary material, Table S1).

Coronary angiography, procedure-related indices, and anticoagulation

There were no significant differences between the Impella and IABP groups considering vascular access, dissemination of coronary atherosclerosis, or type of PCI (frequency of stent implantation and drug-eluting balloon use). Rotablation tends to be more frequently applied in the IABP groups when compared to Impella (45.5% vs. 21.4%; P = 0.07) (Supplementary material, Table S2).

Puncture-site complications

Patients from the Impella group had a significantly greater rate of artery puncture-site bleeding assessed according to the BARC scale (Table 1).

Table 1. Clinical outcomes

Impella

n = 28

IABP

n = 22

Total

n = 50

P-value

Hospitalization duration, days

12.5 (6.3–18.8)

8 (4–15.8)

10.50 (5.8–18)

0.21

Vascular access complications (LVAD)

BARC class (bleeding)

0

11 (39.3%)

18 (81.8%)

29 (58%)

0.006

1

7 (25%)

3 (13.6%)

10 (20%)

2

3 (10.7%)

0 (0%)

3 (6%)

3a

3 (10.7%)

0 (0%)

3 (6%)

3b

4 (14.3%)

1 (4.6%)

5 (10%)

Invasive treatment of puncture-site complications

Surgical

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2.1%)

1

Thrombin

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2.1%)

1

Need for blood transfusion

No blood transfusion

26 (92.8)

21 (95.4%)

47 (94%)

0.57

One unit

1 (3.6%)

1 (4.6%)

2 (4%)

Two units

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

Clinical complications

In-hospital death

1 (3.7%)

1 (4.6%)

2 (4.1%)

1

Follow-up duration, days

154 (58–281.3)

447.5 (70.8–585.3)

224 (72–456)

0.04

Death

4 (14.3%)

3 (13.6%)

7 (14%)

1

MI

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

Stroke

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

1

Re-PCI

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

1

TLR

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

1

TVR

1 (3.6%)

0 (0%)

1 (2%)

1

MACE

5 (17.9%)

3 (13.6%)

8 (16%)

1

In-hospital and post-discharge study endpoints

The duration of follow-up was longer in the IABP group when compared to the Impella group (422.6 [321.3] vs. 250 [330.4] days; P = 0.04). No significant differences were noted with regard to the study endpoints (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2).

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier estimates comparing overall survival between patients treated with complex and high-risk PCI with Impella and IABP support
Abbreviations: see Table 1
Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier estimates comparing MACE occurrence between patients treated with complex and high-risk PCI with Impella and IABP support
Abbreviations: see Table 1

DISCUSSION

In the current analysis, it was demonstrated that patients undergoing complex high-risk PCIs, with pLVAD support present similar results during the follow-up in terms of MACE and mortality in the Impella and IABP groups. Statistically significant differences were noted between the compared groups in terms of selected features. Patients from the IABP group were significantly older, had greater LVEF at baseline, and had less frequent history of PCI. Patients from the Impella group were treated more often with modern, advanced methods of intravascular imaging in the form of optical coherence tomography, while in the case of the IABP group, intravascular ultrasonography was used statistically and significantly more regularly. Local complications, in terms of bleeding, occurred more often in the Impella group. Moreover, those patients were more frequently treated with vascular surgery and thrombin occlusion of local pseudoaneurysms.

There are dozens of factors, including anatomic, hemodynamic, biochemical, and physiological issues that, if they occur separately, are manageable by an organism, but when combined, they will significantly increase the chance of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events during complex high-risk PCI with pLVAD support. Therefore, several left ventricular techniques have been invented and applied during this kind of procedure. The benefit of IABP is supported by the concept of diastolic augmentation [17, 18]. In an older US analysis, it was demonstrated that IABP use was evaluated among 10.5% of all high-risk PCI procedures [19]. The point remains moot as to what is deemed a complex high-risk PCI procedure. In the works published so far, operators, individual departments, and hospitals define complex high-risk PCIs individually, therefore, the comparison of those results is somewhat difficult and often not objective [18]. Despite that, in selected studies, it has been shown that IABP demonstrates significant benefits in terms of the hospital mortality rate and catheterization of adverse events [20–22]. On the other hand, there is strong evidence of the neutral and even poorer effects in patients subjected to IABP [19, 23–25]. The doubtful impact of IABP on clinical outcomes among patients treated due to complex high-risk PCIs was confirmed in a meta-analysis [26]. Obviously, taking into account the variety of patients included in that study, with different modes and indications, the results should be interpreted with caution. The BCIS-1 (Balloon Pump-Assisted Coronary Intervention Study-1) was the first randomized, controlled trial designed to determine whether elective IABP insertion before high-risk PCI is associated with a reduction in major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after 28 days [9]. The extent of risk was calculated using the Duke Jeopardy score [27]. However, when looking closely at that study, many questions and doubts arise. Firstly, there is no protocol-mandated estimation of coronary disease complexity or the extent of planned revascularization in relation to the presence of significant lesions. Secondly, bailout IABP was permitted in the group not planned for IABP. Thirdly, similar rates regarding the primary endpoint of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in both groups were observed. Moreover, no significant differences occurred in the secondary endpoint concerning mortality or the overall rates of bleeding at 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, there were more minor bleeds in the elective IABP arm in comparison to the bailout IABP use. The overall periprocedural complications were noticed more frequently in the arm not planned for IABP. In summary, the use of prophylactic IABP insertion before high-risk PCI was not supported in the study. Furthermore, the decision-making method, concerning the use of IABP, remains debatable.

The BCIS registry demonstrated that patients demanding rescue IABP insertion presented more complex coronary lesions in comparison to other patients from the not planned IABP group. Additionally, at 5 years of the follow-up period, Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a significant survival advantage in favor of elective IABP [28]. Cross-over patients also benefited from IABP insertion. It is worth underlining that no systematic differences were found between the groups at baseline or regarding the extent of revascularization [28]. However, those trials were not conducted to assess overall mortality as a study endpoint.

Impella aspirates blood from the left ventricle into the ascending aorta. Among the advantages of its use, the following may be enumerated (1) reduction of end-diastolic wall stress, (2) improvement in diastolic compliance, (3) increase in aortic and intracoronary pressure, as well as (4) coronary flow velocity reserve, and (5) stimulating a decrease in coronary micro-vascular resistance [29].

However, the Impella pump also has several disadvantageous effects, which involve an increase in vascular access-related complications and propensity for hemolysis due to the high rotational speed of the axial flow pump. However, the benefits from the reduction in mortality appear to outweigh by far those side effects. The PROTECT II study (Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial of Hemodynamic Support with Impella 2.5 versus Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Patients Undergoing High-Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) is the largest randomized comparison of Impella and IABP used to support non-emergent and complex high-risk PCI to date [4]. It did not meet its target recruitment of 654 patients because the trial was terminated early due to its futility after the inclusion of 452 patients. In the trial, no differences were found with regard to the occurrence of 30- or 90-day adverse cardiovascular events in the primary intention-to-treat analysis, but lower adverse events at 90 days were noted in the Impella® ٢.٥ arm [٤]. The primary composite endpoint of major adverse events at hospital discharge or 30 days in the intention-to-treat population did not differ between the assessed groups (Impella 35.1% vs. IABP 40.1%; P =0.277). At 90 days, there was an insignificant trend towards a lower major adverse event rate for Impella (P = 0.066). At this time, in the per-protocol population, the difference gained significance (P = 0.023). This led to the presumption that the difference would be more visible in the long term. The patient cohort evaluated in the PROTECT II trial was similar to the one in BCIS-1 [9]. Given that in the BCIS-1 study the use of elective IABP insertion before high-risk PCI was not supported, it would seem intuitive to expect that the superior hemodynamic support provided by the Impella would offer no supplementary impact on adverse outcomes. Analyzing the trends in mechanical circulatory support usage in the US in 2008, Impella was implemented in 2.5% of all PCIs with mechanical circulatory support (MCS), and after 2008, its use tended to increase up to 31.9% in 2016, while IABP application remained stable [30].

In their research, including 48 306 patients treated with PCI and MCS, Amin et al. [30] demonstrated consistency of their results with prior research. In a study from the National Inpatient Sample, a substantial increase was also found in the use of pLVADs in recent years, with a greater risk of mortality and higher associated cost, indicating consistency across different populations. In another study, it was suggested that, contrary to the belief that Impella was used in sicker patients, it was implemented in lower-risk patients (more likely to be elective, and less likely to experience shock or have STEMI than IABP patients), a finding also noted in our study [31]. However, in our research, EuroSCORE II values did not differ between the IABP and Impella groups, and patients from the first group had significantly better LVEF. This seems to be justified because, as is well-known, the pressure generated by the left ventricle is required for the efficient work of IABP, and too low cardiac output may result in minimal improvement regarding the hemodynamics of the coronary and systemic circulation, or even its absence. Similarly to the results of our analysis, in a report based on the US registry, it has been demonstrated that patients from the Impella group experienced multi-vessel disease more frequently, they had more bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusions and a greater rate of intravascular lithotripsy and rotational atherectomy use. In contrast to our study, those patients were older (67.85 vs. 64.62 years) [30]. It was also highlighted that the usage of Impella was linked to greater mortality, acute kidney injury, and stroke, evaluated via multivariable regression analysis [30].

Revising previously published studies on the Impella pump, a relatively low number of patients was included in the trials: 86 [8], 225 [4], 144 [5], and 175 [6]. In the study published by Burzotta et al. [8], it was reported that the MACCE rate during the mean 14 months of follow-up was 24%, while overall mortality totaled 10.5%. A similar statement may be assumed in the case of our research because both registers were maintained in a similar manner although the group of patients examined by our team was much smaller. Burzotta et al. also analyzed periprocedural bleeding-related complications, although they occurred less often when compared to our study (12% BARC 13), while in our sub-group of patients treated with Impella, this value exceeded 40% (BARC 13) and was significantly greater when compared to the IABP sub-group (13.6%) or the whole BARC 1 group.

Analyzing the results of the current study, it may be concluded that the greater frequency of bleeding-related complications in the Impella group is a consequence of larger vascular access sizes, different methods of artery closure, and higher doses of anticoagulants. Certainly, the rotational mechanism supporting the work of the left ventricle of the heart is also important, as it causes hemolysis and anemization and may also have an impact on impaired coagulation. Several cases and analyzes involving the use of axillary and subclavian vascular access in patients requiring pLVAD, both in acute and stable patients, have been described [32, 33]. Based on the published research results, it seems that upper limb accesses are a promising alternative and may be associated with fewer complications and, in some cases, may be the only possible method of percutaneous treatment with pLVAD in advanced atherosclerosis.

Conclusions

The use of pLVAD devices in patients with reduced LVEF undergoing complex high-risk PCIs is a treatment option for patients disqualified from surgery by cardiac surgeons. The results of percutaneous treatment in this group of patients differ depending on the type of the implemented left ventricular support and remain at a comparable and acceptable level in relation to the results of studies published by other authors. The differences in treatment outcomes between the group of patients treated with Impella and the group of patients who underwent IABP result, to a significant extent, from the baseline characteristics of patients and their procedure-related risks.

Limitations

Undoubtedly, the presented results are preliminary. The study group is limited to a small size, and strong conclusions cannot be drawn. In addition, by observing the patients included in the study, we found certain bias in the selection of patients, i.e. those from the Impella group were characterized by significantly lower LVEF, demonstrating a very significant relationship with long-term prognosis, even though the estimated periprocedural mortality risk was similar in both groups.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material is available at https://journals.viamedica.pl/kardiologia_polska

Article information

Conflict of interest: None declared.

Funding: None.

Open access: This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially. For commercial use, please contact the journal office at kardiologiapolska@ptkardio.pl.

REFERENCES

  1. Chieffo A, Dudek D, Hassager C, et al. Joint EAPCI/ACVC expert consensus document on percutaneous ventricular assist devices. Eur Heart J Acute Cardivasc Care. 2021; 10(5): 570583, doi: 10.1093/ehjacc/zuab015, indexed in Pubmed: 34057173.
  2. Chieffo A, Burzotta F, Pappalardo F, et al. Clinical expert consensus document on the use of percutaneous left ventricular assist support devices during complex high-risk indicated PCI: Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology Working Group Endorsed by Spanish and Portuguese Interventional Cardiology Societies. Int J Cardiol. 2019; 293: 8490, doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.05.065, indexed in Pubmed: 31174920.
  3. Dixon SR, Henriques JPS, Mauri L, et al. A prospective feasibility trial investigating the use of the Impella 2.5 system in patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (The PROTECT I Trial): initial U.S. experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009; 2(2): 9196, doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2008.11.005, indexed in Pubmed: 19463408.
  4. O’Neill WW, Kleiman NS, Moses J, et al. A prospective, randomized clinical trial of hemodynamic support with Impella 2.5 versus intra-aortic balloon pump in patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the PROTECT II study. Circulation. 2012; 126(14): 17171727, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098194, indexed in Pubmed: 22935569.
  5. Sjauw KD, Konorza T, Erbel R, et al. Supported high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention with the Impella 2.5 device the Europella registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 54(25): 24302434, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.018, indexed in Pubmed: 20082934.
  6. Maini B, Naidu SS, Mulukutla S, et al. Real-world use of the Impella 2.5 circulatory support system in complex high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the USpella Registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012; 80(5): 717725, doi: 10.1002/ccd.23403, indexed in Pubmed: 22105829.
  7. Baumann S, Werner N, Ibrahim K, et al. Indication and short-term clinical outcomes of high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention with microaxial Impella® pump: results from the German Impella® registry. Clin Res Cardiol. 2018; 107(8): 653657, doi: 10.1007/s00392-018-1230-6, indexed in Pubmed: 29520699.
  8. Burzotta F, Russo G, Ribichini F, et al. Long-term outcomes of extent of revascularization in complex high risk and indicated patients undergoing impella-protected percutaneous coronary intervention: report from the Roma-Verona registry. J Interv Cardiol. 2019; 2019: 5243913, doi: 10.1155/2019/5243913, indexed in Pubmed: 31772533.
  9. Perera D, Stables R, Thomas M, et al. Elective intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010; 304(8): 867874, doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1190, indexed in Pubmed: 20736470.
  10. Becher T, Baumann S, Eder F, et al. Comparison of peri and post-procedural complications in patients undergoing revascularisation of coronary artery multivessel disease by coronary artery bypass grafting or protected percutaneous coronary intervention with the Impella 2.5 device. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2019; 8(4): 360368, doi: 10.1177/2048872617717687, indexed in Pubmed: 28660768.
  11. Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40(2): 87165, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394, indexed in Pubmed: 30165437.
  12. Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(3): 407477, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425, indexed in Pubmed: 31504439.
  13. Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, et al. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1999; 16(1): 913, doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00134-7, indexed in Pubmed: 10456395.
  14. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56(3): M146M156, doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146, indexed in Pubmed: 11253156.
  15. Sianos G, Morel MA, Kappetein AP, et al. The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. EuroIntervention. 2005; 1(2): 219227, indexed in Pubmed: 19758907.
  16. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011; 123(23): 27362747, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449, indexed in Pubmed: 21670242.
  17. Clauss RH, Birtwell WC, Albertal G, et al. Assisted circulation. I. The arterial counterpulsator. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1961; 41: 447458, indexed in Pubmed: 13693965.
  18. Kantrowitz A. Experimental augmentation of coronary flow by retardation of the arterial pressure pulse. Surgery. 1953; 34(4): 678687, indexed in Pubmed: 13102153.
  19. Curtis JP, Rathore SS, Wang Y, et al. Use and effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumps among patients undergoing high risk percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012; 5(1): 2130, doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.960385, indexed in Pubmed: 22147887.
  20. Mishra S, Chu WW, Torguson R, et al. Role of prophylactic intra-aortic balloon pump in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 98(5): 608612, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.03.036, indexed in Pubmed: 16923445.
  21. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Hansen C, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation before primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty reduces catheterization laboratory events in high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 84(1): 1823, doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00185-x, indexed in Pubmed: 10404845.
  22. Briguori C, Sarais C, Pagnotta P, et al. Elective versus provisional intra-aortic balloon pumping in high-risk percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 2003; 145(4): 700707, doi: 10.1067/mhj.2003.14, indexed in Pubmed: 12679768.
  23. Urban PM, Freedman RJ, Ohman EM, et al. In-hospital mortality associated with the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 94(2): 181185, doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.058, indexed in Pubmed: 15246896.
  24. Stone GW, Ohman EM, Miller MF, et al. Contemporary utilization and outcomes of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction: the benchmark registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 41(11): 19401945, doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00400-5, indexed in Pubmed: 12798561.
  25. Zeymer U, Bauer T, Hamm C, et al. Use and impact of intra-aortic balloon pump on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: results of the Euro Heart Survey on PCI. EuroIntervention. 2011; 7(4): 437441, doi: 10.4244/EIJV7I4A72, indexed in Pubmed: 21764661.
  26. Romeo F, Acconcia MC, Sergi D, et al. Lack of intra-aortic balloon pump effectiveness in high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions without cardiogenic shock: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomised trials and observational studies. Int J Cardiol. 2013; 167(5): 17831793, doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.12.027, indexed in Pubmed: 23295041.
  27. Califf RM, Phillips HR, Hindman MC, et al. Prognostic value of a coronary artery jeopardy score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985; 5(5): 10551063, doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80005-x, indexed in Pubmed: 3989116.
  28. Perera D, Stables R, Clayton T, et al. Long-term mortality data from the balloon pump-assisted coronary intervention study (BCIS-1): a randomized, controlled trial of elective balloon counterpulsation during high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2013; 127(2): 207212, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.132209, indexed in Pubmed: 23224207.
  29. Remmelink M, Sjauw KD, Henriques JPS, et al. Effects of mechanical left ventricular unloading by Impella on left ventricular dynamics in high-risk and primary percutaneous coronary intervention patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010; 75(2): 187194, doi: 10.1002/ccd.22263, indexed in Pubmed: 19941329.
  30. Amin AP, Rao SV, Bach RG, et al. The evolving landscape of Impella use in the United States among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with mechanical circulatory support. Circulation. 2020; 141(4): 273284, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044007, indexed in Pubmed: 31735078.
  31. Khera R, Cram P, Lu X, et al. Trends in the use of percutaneous ventricular assist devices: analysis of national inpatient sample data, 2007 through 2012. JAMA Intern Med. 2015; 175(6): 941950, doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7856, indexed in Pubmed: 25822170.
  32. Schultz J, Duval S, Shaffer A, et al. Axillary or subclavian Impella 5.0 support in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ASAIO J. 2022; 68(2): 233238, doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001452, indexed in Pubmed: 35089264.
  33. Tycińska A, Grygier M, Biegus J, et al. Mechanical circulatory support. An expert opinion of the Association of Intensive Cardiac Care and the Association of Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Cardiac Society. Kardiol Pol. 2021; 79(12): 13991410, doi: 10.33963/KP.a2021.0169, indexed in Pubmed: 34861044.



Polish Heart Journal (Kardiologia Polska)