Vol 8, No 3 (2017)
Review paper
Published online: 2017-11-23

open access

Page views 759
Article views/downloads 16284
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Diagnosis and treatment of patients with mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms

Krzysztof Warzocha1, Bartosz Puła1
Hematologia 2017;8(3):177-196.

Abstract

Mature T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms comprise a heterogenous group of diseases of lymphoid origin. Approximately 10–15% of the diagnosed lymphomas make up to this category. These neoplasms are characterized by differentiated clinical and pathomorphological traits, frequent extranodal mani¬festations and poor outcome. Given their relatively rare occurrence, high heterogeneity and lack of randomized clinical trials, work out of unified recommendations is difficult. Nevertheless, chemo¬therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation seem to be effective in up-front and relapsed and refractory setting. In this publication we discuss the guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of this heterogenous malignancy group.

References

  1. Tsukasaki K, Hermine O, Bazarbachi A, et al. Definition, prognostic factors, treatment, and response criteria of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: a proposal from an international consensus meeting. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(3): 453–459.
  2. Tse E, Kwong YL. The diagnosis and management of NK/T-cell lymphomas. J Hematol Oncol. 2017; 10(1): 85.
  3. Swerdlow SH. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, Fourth Edition. IARC. 2008.
  4. Swerdlow SH, et al. The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood. 2016; 127(20): 2375–2390.
  5. Willemze R, et al. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013; 24(Suppl 6): v149–v154.
  6. Suzuki R, Takeuchi K, Ohshima K, et al. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment cues. Hematol Oncol. 2008; 26(2): 66–72.
  7. de Leval L, Gaulard P. Pathology and biology of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Histopathology. 2011; 58(1): 49–68.
  8. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D, et al. International T-Cell Lymphoma Project. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(25): 4124–4130.
  9. Gaulard P, de Leval L. Pathology of peripheral T-cell lymphomas: where do we stand? Semin Hematol. 2014; 51(1): 5–16.
  10. Tse E, Kwong YL. Diagnosis and management of extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma nasal type. Expert Rev Hematol. 2016; 9(9): 861–871.
  11. Coiffier B, Brousse N, Peuchmaur M, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas have a worse prognosis than B-cell lymphomas: a prospective study of 361 immunophenotyped patients treated with the LNH-84 regimen. The GELA (Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes Agressives). Ann Oncol. 1990; 1(1): 45–50.
  12. Sakata Ki, Fuwa N, Kodaira T, et al. Analyses of dose-response in radiotherapy for patients with mature T/NK-cell lymphomas according to the WHO classification. Radiother Oncol. 2006; 79(2): 179–184.
  13. Pedersen MB, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Bendix K, et al. Evaluation of clinical trial eligibility and prognostic indices in a population-based cohort of systemic peripheral T-cell lymphomas from the Danish Lymphoma Registry. Hematol Oncol. 2015; 33(4): 120–128.
  14. Asano N, Suzuki R, Kagami Y, et al. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of cytotoxic molecule expression in nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29(10): 1284–1293.
  15. de Leval L, Rickman DS, Thielen C, et al. The gene expression profile of nodal peripheral T-cell lymphoma demonstrates a molecular link between angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and follicular helper T (TFH) cells. Blood. 2007; 109(11): 4952–4963.
  16. Iqbal J, Weisenburger DD, Greiner TC, et al. International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Molecular signatures to improve diagnosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma and prognostication in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2010; 115(5): 1026–1036.
  17. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Alliance, Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Consortium, Italian Lymphoma Foundation, European Organisation for Research, Treatment of Cancer/Dutch Hemato-Oncology Group, Grupo Español de Médula Ósea, German High-Grade Lymphoma Study Group, German Hodgkin's Study Group, Japanese Lymphorra Study Group, Lymphoma Study Association, NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Nordic Lymphoma Study Group, Southwest Oncology Group, United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(27): 3059–3068.
  18. Meignan M, Gallamini A, Meignan M, et al. Report on the First International Workshop on Interim-PET-Scan in Lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2009; 50(8): 1257–1260.
  19. Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, Kostakoglu L, et al. Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(27): 3048–3058.
  20. Barrington SF, Qian W, Somer EJ, et al. Concordance between four European centres of PET reporting criteria designed for use in multicentre trials in Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010; 37(10): 1824–1833.
  21. Quarles van Ufford H, Hoekstra O, de Haas M, et al. On the added value of baseline FDG-PET in malignant lymphoma. Mol Imaging Biol. 2010; 12(2): 225–232.
  22. Chan WK, Au WY, Wong CYO, et al. Metabolic activity measured by F-18 FDG PET in natural killer-cell lymphoma compared to aggressive B- and T-cell lymphomas. Clin Nucl Med. 2010; 35(8): 571–575.
  23. Kwong YL, Anderson BO, Advani R, et al. Asian Oncology Summit. Management of T-cell and natural-killer-cell neoplasms in Asia: consensus statement from the Asian Oncology Summit 2009. Lancet Oncol. 2009; 10(11): 1093–1101.
  24. Zhou X, Lu K, Geng L, et al. Utility of PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014; 93(28): e258.
  25. Tse E, Kwong YL. How I treat NK/T-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2013; 121(25): 4997–5005.
  26. Moon SH, Cho SK, Kim WS, et al. The role of 18F-FDG PET/CT for initial staging of nasal type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: a comparison with conventional staging methods. J Nucl Med. 2013; 54(7): 1039–1044.
  27. Tsukamoto N. The usefulness of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) and a comparison of (18)F-FDG-pet with (67)gallium scintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphoma: relation to histologic subtypes based on the World Health Organization classification. Cancer. 2007; 110(3): 652–659.
  28. Khong PL, Pang C, Liang R, et al. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in mature T-cell and natural killer cell malignancies. Annals of Hematology. 2008; 87(8): 613–621.
  29. International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329(14): 987–994.
  30. Suzumiya J, Ohshima K, Tamura K, et al. International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. The International Prognostic Index predicts outcome in aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: analysis of 126 patients from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(4): 715–721.
  31. Weisenburger DD, Savage KJ, Harris NL, et al. International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: a report of 340 cases from the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2011; 117(12): 3402–3408.
  32. Gutiérrez-García G, García-Herrera A, Cardesa T, et al. Comparison of four prognostic scores in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2011; 22(2): 397–404.
  33. Gallamini A. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma unspecified (PTCL-U): a new prognostic model from a retrospective multicentric clinical study. Blood. 2004; 103(7): 2474–2479.
  34. Went P, Agostinelli C, Gallamini A, et al. Marker expression in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a proposed clinical-pathologic prognostic score. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24(16): 2472–2479.
  35. Federico M, Rudiger T, Bellei M, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: analysis of the international peripheral T-cell lymphoma project. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(2): 240–246.
  36. Ellin F, Landström J, Jerkeman M, et al. Real-world data on prognostic factors and treatment in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: a study from the Swedish Lymphoma Registry. Blood. 2014; 124(10): 1570–1577.
  37. d'Amore F, Relander T, Lauritzsen GF, et al. Up-front autologous stem-cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: NLG-T-01. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(25): 3093–3099.
  38. Suzuki R, Yamaguchi M, Izutsu K, et al. NK-cell Tumor Study Group. Prospective measurement of Epstein-Barr virus-DNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood. 2011; 118(23): 6018–6022.
  39. Savage KJ. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008; 111(12): 5496–5504.
  40. Escalón MP, Liu NS, Yang Y, et al. Prognostic factors and treatment of patients with T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer. 2005; 103(10): 2091–2098.
  41. Simon A, Peoch M, Casassus P, et al. Upfront VIP-reinforced-ABVD (VIP-rABVD) is not superior to CHOP/21 in newly diagnosed peripheral T cell lymphoma. Results of the randomized phase III trial GOELAMS-LTP95. Br J Haematol. 2010; 151(2): 159–166.
  42. Pfreundschuh M. Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of elderly patients with aggressive lymphomas: results of the NHL-B2 trial of the DSHNHL. Blood. 2004; 104(3): 634–641.
  43. Pfreundschuh M, Trümper L, Kloess M, et al. German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Study Group. Two-weekly or 3-weekly CHOP chemotherapy with or without etoposide for the treatment of young patients with good-prognosis (normal LDH) aggressive lymphomas: results of the NHL-B1 trial of the DSHNHL. Blood. 2004; 104(3): 626–633.
  44. Schmitz N, Trümper L, Ziepert M, et al. Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2010; 116(18): 3418–3425.
  45. Mercadal S, Briones J, Xicoy B, et al. Grup per l'Estudi dels Limfomes de Catalunya I Balears (GELCAB). Intensive chemotherapy (high-dose CHOP/ESHAP regimen) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in previously untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2008; 19(5): 958–963.
  46. Reimer P, Rüdiger T, Geissinger E, et al. Autologous stem-cell transplantation as first-line therapy in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(1): 106–113.
  47. Rodríguez J, Conde E, Gutiérrez A, et al. 'Grupo Español de Linfomas/Trasplante Autólogo de Médula Osea' (GEL-TAMO). Frontline autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a prospective study from The Gel-Tamo Study Group. Eur J Haematol. 2007; 79(1): 32–38.
  48. Corradini P, Vitolo U, Rambaldi A, et al. Intensified chemo-immunotherapy with or without stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia. 2014; 28(9): 1885–1891.
  49. Zinzani PL. High-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation. Semin Hematol. 2010; 47 Suppl 1: S15–S17.
  50. Feyler S, Prince HM, Pearce R, et al. The role of high-dose therapy and stem cell rescue in the management of T-cell malignant lymphomas: a BSBMT and ABMTRR study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007; 40(5): 443–450.
  51. Mehta N, Maragulia JC, Moskowitz A, et al. A retrospective analysis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma treated with the intention to transplant in the first remission. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013; 13(6): 664–670.
  52. O'Connor OA, Horwitz S, Hamlin P, et al. Phase II-I-II study of two different doses and schedules of pralatrexate, a high-affinity substrate for the reduced folate carrier, in patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma reveals marked activity in T-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(26): 4357–4364.
  53. O'Connor OA, Pro B, Pinter-Brown L, et al. Pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results from the pivotal PROPEL study. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(9): 1182–1189.
  54. Coiffier B, Pro B, Prince HM, et al. Results from a pivotal, open-label, phase II study of romidepsin in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma after prior systemic therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(6): 631–636.
  55. Piekarz RL, Frye R, Prince HM, et al. Phase 2 trial of romidepsin in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2011; 117(22): 5827–5834.
  56. Dupuis J, Morschhauser F, Ghesquières H, et al. Combination of romidepsin with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone in previously untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a non-randomised, phase 1b/2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2015; 2(4): e160–e165.
  57. Duvic M, Dummer R, Becker JC, et al. Panobinostat activity in both bexarotene-exposed and -naïve patients with refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: results of a phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49(2): 386–394.
  58. Pro B, Advani R, Brice P, et al. Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(18): 2190–2196.
  59. Fanale MA. Brentuximab Vedotin Administered Concurrently with Multi-Agent Chemotherapy As Frontline Treatment of ALCL and Other CD30-Positive Mature T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas. Blood. 2012; 120(21): 60–60.
  60. Younes A, Bartlett NL, Leonard JP, et al. Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) for relapsed CD30-positive lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(19): 1812–1821.
  61. Zinzani PL, Venturini F, Stefoni V, et al. Gemcitabine as single agent in pretreated T-cell lymphoma patients: evaluation of the long-term outcome. Ann Oncol. 2010; 21(4): 860–863.
  62. Damaj G, Gressin R, Bouabdallah K, et al. Results from a prospective, open-label, phase II trial of bendamustine in refractory or relapsed T-cell lymphomas: the BENTLY trial. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(1): 104–110.
  63. Zhang XM, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Survival advantage with the addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy in early stage peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013; 85(4): 1051–1056.
  64. Zhang XM, Li YX, Wang WH, et al. Favorable outcome with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy for adult patients with early stage primary systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2013; 90(3): 195–201.
  65. Illidge T, Specht L, Yahalom J, et al. International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Modern radiation therapy for nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma-target definition and dose guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014; 89(1): 49–58.
  66. McMillan A, Ardeshna KM, Cwynarski K, et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline on the prevention of secondary central nervous system lymphoma: British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Br J Haematol. 2013; 163(2): 168–181.
  67. Forero-Torres A, Leonard JP, Younes A, et al. A Phase II study of SGN-30 (anti-CD30 mAb) in Hodgkin lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2009; 146(2): 171–179.
  68. Smith SM, Burns LJ, van Besien K, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation for systemic mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013; 31(25): 3100–3109.
  69. Gisselbrecht C, Glass B, Mounier N, et al. Salvage regimens with autologous transplantation for relapsed large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28(27): 4184–4190.
  70. Armitage JO. The evolving role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of patients with lymphoma. Curr Hematol Rep. 2003; 2(5): 363–365.
  71. Biswas T, Dhakal S, Chen R, et al. Involved field radiation after autologous stem cell transplant for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the rituximab era. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 77(1): 79–85.
  72. Lowry L, Smith P, Qian W, et al. Reduced dose radiotherapy for local control in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a randomised phase III trial. Radiother Oncol. 2011; 100(1): 86–92.
  73. Spaepen K, Stroobants S, Dupont P, et al. Prognostic value of pretransplantation positron emission tomography using fluorine 18-fluorodeoxyglucose in patients with aggressive lymphoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2003; 102(1): 53–59.
  74. Derenzini E, Musuraca G, Fanti S, et al. Pretransplantation positron emission tomography scan is the main predictor of autologous stem cell transplantation outcome in aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2008; 113(9): 2496–2503.
  75. Hoppe BS, Moskowitz CH, Zhang Z, et al. The role of FDG-PET imaging and involved field radiotherapy in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009; 43(12): 941–948.
  76. Johnston PB, Wiseman GA, Micallef INM. Positron emission tomography using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose pre- and post-autologous stem cell transplant in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008; 41(11): 919–925.
  77. Sauter CS, Matasar MJ, Meikle J, et al. Prognostic value of FDG-PET prior to autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2015; 125(16): 2579–2581.
  78. Friedberg JW, Neuberg D, Monson E, et al. The impact of external beam radiation therapy prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2001; 7(8): 446–453.
  79. Wendland MMM, Smith DC, Boucher KM, et al. The impact of involved field radiation therapy in the treatment of relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma with high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic progenitor cell transplant. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007; 30(2): 156–162.
  80. Ardeshna KM, Kakouros N, Qian W, et al. Conventional second-line salvage chemotherapy regimens are not warranted in patients with malignant lymphomas who have progressive disease after first-line salvage therapy regimens. Br J Haematol. 2005; 130(3): 363–372.
  81. Elstrom RL, Martin P, Ostrow K, et al. Response to second-line therapy defines the potential for cure in patients with recurrent diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2010; 10(3): 192–196.
  82. Vose JM, Anderson JR, Kessinger A, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993; 11(10): 1846–1851.
  83. Rezvani AR, Storer B, Maris M, et al. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in relapsed, refractory, and transformed indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(2): 211–217.
  84. Thomson KJ, Morris EC, Bloor A, et al. Favorable long-term survival after reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation for multiple-relapse aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(3): 426–432.
  85. Sirvent A, Dhedin N, Michallet M, et al. Low nonrelapse mortality and prolonged long-term survival after reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma: report of the Société Française de Greffe de Moelle et de Thérapie Cellulaire. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010; 16(1): 78–85.
  86. van Kampen RJ, et al. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation as salvage therapy for patients with diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma relapsing after an autologous stem-cell transplantation: an analysis of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(10): 1342–1348.
  87. Bacher U, Klyuchnikov E, Le-Rademacher J, et al. Lymphoma Working Committee of the CIBMTR. Conditioning regimens for allotransplants for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: myeloablative or reduced intensity? Blood. 2012; 120(20): 4256–4262.
  88. Freytes C, Zhang MJ, Carreras J, et al. Outcome of Lower-Intensity Allogeneic Transplantation in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma after Autologous Transplantation Failure. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012; 18(8): 1255–1264.
  89. Corradini P, Dodero A, Farina L, et al. Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning can induce durable clinical and molecular remissions in relapsed lymphomas: pre-transplant disease status and histotype heavily influence outcome. Leukemia. 2007; 21(11): 2316–2323.
  90. Corradini P, Dodero A, Zallio F, et al. Graft-versus-lymphoma effect in relapsed peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas after reduced-intensity conditioning followed by allogeneic transplantation of hematopoietic cells. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(11): 2172–2176.
  91. Dodero A, Spina F, Narni F, et al. Allogeneic transplantation following a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen in relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas: long-term remissions and response to donor lymphocyte infusions support the role of a graft-versus-lymphoma effect. Leukemia. 2012; 26(3): 520–526.
  92. Kim SW, Tanimoto TE, Hirabayashi N, et al. Myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a nationwide survey in Japan. Blood. 2006; 108(1): 382–389.
  93. Rodriguez R, Nademanee A, Ruel N, et al. Comparison of reduced-intensity and conventional myeloablative regimens for allogeneic transplantation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006; 12(12): 1326–1334.
  94. Hamadani M, Saber W, Ahn KW, et al. Impact of pretransplantation conditioning regimens on outcomes of allogeneic transplantation for chemotherapy-unresponsive diffuse large B cell lymphoma and grade III follicular lymphoma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2013; 19(5): 746–753.
  95. Sallah S, Wan JY, Nguyen NP. Treatment of refractory T-cell malignancies using gemcitabine. Br J Haematol. 2001; 113(1): 185–187.
  96. Dueck G, Chua N, Prasad A, et al. Interim report of a phase 2 clinical trial of lenalidomide for T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2010; 116(19): 4541–4548.
  97. O'Connor OA, Horwitz S, Masszi T, et al. Belinostat in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Results of the Pivotal Phase II BELIEF (CLN-19) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(23): 2492–2499.
  98. Zhou Z, Li X, Chen C, et al. Effectiveness of gemcitabine, pegaspargase, cisplatin, and dexamethasone (DDGP) combination chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed/refractory extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma: a retrospective study of 17 patients. Annals of Hematology. 2014; 93(11): 1889–1894.
  99. Mahadevan D, Unger JM, Spier CM, et al. Phase 2 trial of combined cisplatin, etoposide, gemcitabine, and methylprednisolone (PEGS) in peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group Study S0350. Cancer. 2013; 119(2): 371–379.
  100. Gambacorti-Passerini C, Messa C, Pogliani EM. Crizotinib in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(8): 775–776.
  101. Mossé YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al. Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children's Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14(6): 472–480.
  102. Friedberg JW, Mahadevan D, Cebula E, et al. Phase II study of alisertib, a selective Aurora A kinase inhibitor, in relapsed and refractory aggressive B- and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(1): 44–50.
  103. Sonnen R, Schmidt WP, Müller-Hermelink HK, et al. The International Prognostic Index determines the outcome of patients with nodal mature T-cell lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 2005; 129(3): 366–372.
  104. Tsukasaki K, Utsunomiya A, Fukuda H, et al. Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801. VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(34): 5458–5464.
  105. Huang MJ, Jiang Yu, Liu WP, et al. Early or up-front radiotherapy improved survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type in the upper aerodigestive tract. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008; 70(1): 166–174.
  106. Bi XW, Li YX, Fang H, et al. High-dose and extended-field intensity modulated radiation therapy for early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring: dosimetric analysis and clinical outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013; 87(5): 1086–1093.
  107. Yamaguchi M, Tobinai K, Oguchi M, et al. Phase I/II study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG0211. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(33): 5594–5600.
  108. Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim BS, et al. Phase II trial of concurrent radiation and weekly cisplatin followed by VIPD chemotherapy in newly diagnosed, stage IE to IIE, nasal, extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma study. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27(35): 6027–6032.
  109. Tse E, Kwong YL. Management of advanced NK/T-cell lymphoma. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2014; 9(3): 233–242.
  110. Jaccard A, Petit B, Girault S, et al. L-asparaginase-based treatment of 15 western patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and leukemia and a review of the literature. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(1): 110–116.
  111. Kwong YL, Kim WS, Lim ST, et al. SMILE for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: analysis of safety and efficacy from the Asia Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 2012; 120(15): 2973–2980.
  112. Jaccard A, Gachard N, Marin B, et al. GELA and GOELAMS Intergroup. Efficacy of L-asparaginase with methotrexate and dexamethasone (AspaMetDex regimen) in patients with refractory or relapsing extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, a phase 2 study. Blood. 2011; 117(6): 1834–1839.
  113. Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation: is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? Ann Oncol. 2001; 12(3): 349–352.
  114. Yang Li, Liu H, Xu Xh, et al. Retrospective study of modified SMILE chemotherapy for advanced-stage, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. Med Oncol. 2013; 30(4): 720.
  115. Yamaguchi M, Tobinai K, Oguchi M, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: an updated analysis of the Japan clinical oncology group study JCOG0211. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(32): 4044–4046.
  116. Sieniawski M, Angamuthu N, Boyd K, et al. Evaluation of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma comparing standard therapies with a novel regimen including autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2010; 115(18): 3664–3670.
  117. Jantunen E, Boumendil A, Finel H, et al. Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT. Autologous stem cell transplantation for enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study by the EBMT. Blood. 2013; 121(13): 2529–2532.
  118. Ferreri AJM, Govi S, Pileri SA. Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012; 83(2): 283–292.
  119. Falchook GS, Vega F, Dang NH, et al. Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathological features and treatment. Ann Oncol. 2009; 20(6): 1080–1085.
  120. Tanase A, Schmitz N, Stein H, et al. Lymphoma Working Party of the EBMT. Allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation for hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study of the EBMT Lymphoma Working Party. Leukemia. 2015; 29(3): 686–688.
  121. Voss MH, Lunning MA, Maragulia JC, et al. Intensive induction chemotherapy followed by early high-dose therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation results in improved outcome for patients with hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: a single institution experience. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2013; 13(1): 8–14.
  122. Mourad N, Mounier N, Brière J, et al. Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. Clinical, biologic, and pathologic features in 157 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma treated within the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) trials. Blood. 2008; 111(9): 4463–4470.
  123. Kyriakou C, Canals C, Goldstone A, et al. Outcome-Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. High-dose therapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in angioimmunoblastic lymphoma: complete remission at transplantation is the major determinant of Outcome-Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(2): 218–224.
  124. Le Gouill S, Milpied N, Buzyn A, et al. Société Française de Greffe de Moëlle et de Thérapie Cellulaire. Graft-versus-lymphoma effect for aggressive T-cell lymphomas in adults: a study by the Société Francaise de Greffe de Moëlle et de Thérapie Cellulaire. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(14): 2264–2271.
  125. Dang NH, Pro B, Hagemeister FB, et al. Phase II trial of denileukin diftitox for relapsed/refractory T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2007; 136(3): 439–447.
  126. Dearden C. The role of alemtuzumab in the management of T-cell malignancies. Semin Oncol. 2006; 33(2 Suppl 5): S44–S52.
  127. Foss FM, Sjak-Shie N, Goy A, et al. A multicenter phase II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with denileukin diftitox and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone in untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma: the CONCEPT study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013; 54(7): 1373–1379.
  128. Gallamini A, Zaja F, Patti C, et al. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and CHOP chemotherapy as first-line treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of a GITIL (Gruppo Italiano Terapie Innovative nei Linfomi) prospective multicenter trial. Blood. 2007; 110(7): 2316–2323.
  129. Kim JG, Sohn SK, Chae YS, et al. Alemtuzumab plus CHOP as front-line chemotherapy for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphomas: a phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2007; 60(1): 129–134.
  130. Zinzani PL, Musuraca G, Tani M, et al. Phase II trial of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(27): 4293–4297.
  131. Delfau-Larue MH, de Leval L, Joly B, et al. Targeting intratumoral B cells with rituximab in addition to CHOP in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. A clinicobiological study of the GELA. Haematologica. 2012; 97(10): 1594–1602.
  132. Sibon D, Fournier M, Brière J, et al. Long-term outcome of adults with systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma treated within the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte trials. J Clin Oncol. 2012; 30(32): 3939–3946.
  133. Clemens M, Medeiros L, Butler C, et al. Complete Surgical Excision Is Essential for the Management of Patients With Breast Implant–Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2016; 34(2): 160–168.
  134. Laurent C, Delas A, Gaulard P, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: two distinct clinicopathological variants with different outcomes. Ann Oncol. 2016; 27(2): 306–314.
  135. d'Amore F, Gaulard P, Trümper L, et al. ESMO Guidelines Committee. Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015; 26 Suppl 5: v108–v115.



Hematology in Clinical Practice