RECCOMENDATIONS

Ginekologia Polska

2022, vol. 93, no. 2, 173–176

Copyright © 2022 Via Medica

ISSN 0017–0011, e-ISSN 2543–6767

DOI 10.5603/GP.a2021.0218

Urogynecology Section of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians Guidelines on the management of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse

Wlodzimierz Baranowski1Klaudia Stangel-Wojcikiewicz2Magdalena E. Grzybowska3Andrzej Malinowski4Tomasz Rechberger5Edyta Wlazlak6Tomasz Kluz7Elzbieta Narojczyk-Swiesciak8Artur Rogowski910Grzegorz Surkont6
1Department of Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
2Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
3Department of Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
4Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynaecology, Medical University in Lodz, Poland
52nd Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
6Department of Operative Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, I Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
7Department of Gynecology, Gynecology Oncology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Poland
82nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
9Department of Gynecology, „Inflancka” Specialist Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
10Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of the publication was to present the Guideline of the Urogynecology Section of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PSGO) for the management of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse, based on the available literature, expert knowledge and opinion, as well as everyday practice.
Material and methods: In 2005, 2006 and 2010, the panel of PSGO experts published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This publication presents an update of those recommendations and concerns recurrent POP treatment.
Main conclusion: The analysis of data revealed that sacrocolpopexy with the use of commercial sets or polypropylene hernia mesh is the method of choice for the surgical repair of recurrent vaginal vault prolapse. However, a significantly higher risk of surgical and postoperative complications after sacrocolpopexy, as compared to vaginal surgeries, should be considered when making treatment decisions. In other types of recurrent POP, the choice of surgery method should be tailored to the individual needs of each patient and may depend on the medical center.
Key words: pelvic organ prolapse; recurrence; reoperation
Ginekologia Polska 2022; 93, 2: 173176

Corresponding author:

Artur Rogowski

Department of Gynecology, „Inflancka” Specialist Hospital, 6 Inflancka St., 00189 Warsaw, Poland

e-mail: arogowski@op.pl

Received: 21.09.2021 Accepted: 26.09.2021 Early publication date: 15.12.2021

This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download
articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.

INTRODUCTION

Types of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence:
  • POP recurrence within the previously operated site,
  • POP or progression of a pre-existing prolapse within the non-operated compartment (e.g., surgical correction of anterior vaginal wall prolapse and postoperative symptomatic posterior vaginal wall prolapse),
  • POP recurrence within the previously operated compartment, but in a different anatomic location (e.g., surgical repair of the central defect of the anterior vaginal wall and postoperative presentation of the lateral defect of the anterior vaginal wall the so-called ‘masked defect’).
Objective assessment of the surgical success:
  • anatomic assessment (typically using the POP-Q scale),
  • reoperation rate for same site or new site recurrent prolapse,
  • reoperation rate due to complications (mesh exposure, pain, different types of postoperative voiding dysfunctions urine retention, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder).
Subjective (patient-reported) assessment of the surgical success:
  • subjective assessment of the postoperative success by the patient (e.g. using the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) scale),
  • validated quality of life (QoL) questionnaires after POP surgery [1].
Reoperation rate:
  • reoperation rate after traditional (native tissue) repair —16/1000,
  • reoperation rate after implant surgery 7/1000, (RR = 0.44; CI 0.240.81),
  • POP recurrence assessed objectively (POPQ > 2): traditional (native tissue) 41%, synthetic implants 10.118.7% (RR = 0.34; CI 0.250.46) [1-–4]
Objectives

The aim of the Urogynecology Section of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PSGO) was to develop this Guideline for the management of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse, based on the available literature, expert knowledge and opinion as well as everyday practice.

Material and methods

In 2005, 2006 and 2010, the panel of PSGO experts developed guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). This publication presents an update of those recommendations and concerns recurrent POP treatment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations on the management of POP recurrence in the anterior compartment

Recurrence after traditional (native) surgery in the anterior compartment: consider using prosthetic materials [9095% of total anatomic success; at two years of follow-up 53% of the patients presented with POP-Q ≤2 and 42% with POP- Q ≤1 as compared to only 55% anatomic success using native tissue reoperation] [5, 6]. Recent findings of a retrospective study conducted in Australia among 196 patients, also demonstrated better anatomic outcome (point Ba = 0 cm of the POP-Q) after the repair of the recurrent anterior vaginal wall defect using prosthetic materials as compared to native tissue reoperation 25% recurrence in the TVM group vs > 40% in the classic reoperation group [2]. Also, the patients from the implant group reported a significantly higher subjective improvement in the quality of life (88% vs 66%, p < 0.01). The risk for yet another reoperation was significantly lower in the implant group (7.4% vs 23.9%, p < 0.01), but the high rate of mesh exposure (15%) and the related need for reoperation (9%), raise serious concern regarding the use of the prosthetic material method, despite its greater effectiveness [5–12].

Conclusions

The use of prosthetic materials in reoperations due to recurrent prolapse of the anterior vaginal wall results in better anatomic and functional outcome, however mesh exposure and postoperative pain syndrome, most often associated with excessive retraction of the synthetic material, constitute a significant issue. Reoperations with the use of prosthetic material should be conducted by a team with extensive experience performing urogynecological surgeries. We still wait for the results of studies using lighter weight new-generation implants.

Recommendations on the management of POP recurrence in the posterior compartment

According to the 2017 ICI guidelines, prosthetic materials (biologic and synthetic) may be used in the posterior compartment in the rectovaginal space for primary surgery and for recurrent POP in that compartment [1].
As far as reoperation due to recurrent prolapse in the previously operated posterior compartment is concerned, the literature offers only one study comparing the effectiveness of the traditional versus synthetic implant repairs. Those authors found that the use of synthetic prosthetic material resulted in significantly better anatomic outcome as compared to native tissue repair (anatomic success: 92.5% vs 59.1%; p = 0.01, subjective feeling of prolapse only in: 7.5% vs 24.1%; p = 0.02, need for yet another reoperation: 7.5% vs 19.5%; p = 0.08). An analysis of the composite outcomes also confirmed the superiority of prosthetic material repairs (56.6% vs 23.0%; p < 0.01), however implant-related complications mesh exposures continue to be a problem mesh removal surgery was necessary in 15.1% of the patients after synthetic implant repair [2, 3, 13, 14].

Conclusions

The use of synthetic prosthetic materials increases the chances for permanent recovery in patients reoperated due to recurrent prolapse in the posterior compartment. High rate of mesh exposures which require surgical management remains an unresolved issue. Therefore, reoperation without using synthetic material may be another option in selected cases.

Recommendations on the management of POP recurrence in the central compartment
preserved uterusReoperations due to recurrent POP after primary repair in the central compartment in women with present a serious challenge to the decision-making and surgical processes. We must consider two different group of patients:
  • recurrences after traditional vaginal surgeries modified Manchester repair (Fothergill operation), sacrospinous ligament (SSLF), uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS), medial closure of the vaginal walls.
  • recurrences after vaginal surgeries using synthetic prosthetic materials (commercial sets for sacrospinous ligament suspension from the anterior or the posterior approach)
vaginal vault prolapseReoperations due to recurrent after hysterectomy (abdominal or vaginal).

The literature offers limited and inconclusive data on the techniques of reoperation for recurrent prolapse in the central compartment. However, after critical analysis of the available data, it seems safe to conclude that in patients with preserved uterus/cervix and after failed native tissue repair (Manchester-Fothergill, SSLF, USLS, median closure of the vaginal walls), a transvaginal repair surgery using synthetic materials may be considered in case of a two-compartment defect (central and anterior or central and posterior).
The use of second generation meshes with sacrospinous ligament fixation in the treatment of the central compartment disorders may be associated with a better anatomic effect as compared to the first-generation implants.

In case of defects in three compartments, abdominal surgery (classic, laparoscopic, robotic) is often recommended - hysterosacropexy, cervico-sacropexy. Such management is also often recommended in patients with recurrent prolapse who underwent primary transvaginal surgery with synthetic materials.

In patients with vaginal vault prolapse after hysterectomy, regardless of whether the prolapse is primary or after vaginal repair surgery (native or with prosthetic materials), classical or laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy are often recommended. The risk for POP recurrence in the central compartment is higher in patients operated from the transvaginal as compared to the transabdominal approach (RR 1.89; 95% CI 1.33 to 2.70) in absolute numbers: 41% vs 23% [20]. A meta-analysis demonstrated sacrocolpopexy to be more effective in terms of anatomic success as compared to transvaginal reoperations but is associated with the risk for gastrointestinal (2.7%) and implant-related (4.2%) complications, as well as thromboembolic events (0.6%) [16–19]. Significantly higher invasiveness of sacrocolpopexy, and the related risk for surgical and postoperative complications, should be considered when making therapeutic decisions. Importantly, objective data on reoperation techniques for recurrent prolapse in the central compartment remain limited and inconclusive.

Conclusions

The analysis demonstrated that sacrocolpopexy, with the use of commercial sets or polypropylene hernia mesh, should be recommended as the procedure of choice for recurrent vaginal vault prolapse. However, while making surgical decisions, one should consider a significantly higher risk for peri- and post-operative complications after sacrocolpopexy as compared to the vaginal approach. Therefore, the choice of surgery should be tailored to the individual needs of every patient and may vary between medical centers.

GUIDELINE SUMMARY

In accordance with the 2017 ICI recommendations and the “Consensus of the 2nd IUGA Grafts Roundtable”, the use of synthetic prosthetic materials is justified in all cases of recurrent prolapse, regardless of the POP compartment. At the same time, it is also allowed to perform these surgeries without using synthetic materials. The choice of surgery should be strongly personalized. Among others, special attention should be paid to the risk for complications.

Conflict of interest

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

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