Vol 89, No 1 (2018)
Review paper
Published online: 2018-01-31

open access

Page views 3533
Article views/downloads 3431
Get Citation

Connect on Social Media

Connect on Social Media

Child sexual abuse as an etiological factor of overweight and eating disorders — considerations for primary health care providers

Justyna Opydo-Szymaczek1, Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka2, Witold Kędzia2, Maria Borysewicz-Lewicka1
Pubmed: 29411347
Ginekol Pol 2018;89(1):48-54.

Abstract

Despite the recognition of the clinical importance of child sexual abuse, primary health care providers are often not ad­equately prepared to perform medical evaluations and diagnose child sexual maltreatment. Paper presents basic symptoms and signs of CSA, which may suggest the need for further patient’s diagnosis and referral. Since the great majority of sexually abused children do not have any abnormal physical findings, special attention is paid to the silent warning signs of CSA, such as changes in attitude towards own body and eating habits. Numerous studies suggest that victims of CSA may develop obesity or eating disorders of various forms and intensities.

Article available in PDF format

View PDF Download PDF file

References

  1. Violence and Injury Prevention Team, Disability/Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Cluster on Social Change and Mental Health, World Health Organization. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999. http://apps who int/iris/handle. ; 10665: 65900.
  2. Herrmann B, Banaschak S, Csorba R, et al. Physical examination in child sexual abuse. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014; 111: 692-703. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2014. 0692, indexed in PMCID. : PMC4215093.
  3. Averdijk M, Müller-Johnson K, Eisner M. Sexual victimization of children and adolescents in Switzerland. Final report for the UBS Optimus Foundation. 2nd ed. Zurich, 2012. http://www.optimusstudy.org/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/Full_Report_Schweiz/Optimus_Study_Final_Report_2012_e.pdf.
  4. Butchart A, Phinney Harvey A, et al. World Health Organization. Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention, International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43499/1/9241594365_eng.pdf.
  5. Department of Gender and Women's Health. Department of Injuries and Violence Prevention. World Health Organization. Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42788/1/924154628X.pdf.
  6. Pereda N, Guilera G, Forns M, et al. The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: a continuation of Finkelhor (1994). Child Abuse Negl. 2009; 33(6): 331–342.
  7. Menoch M, Zimmerman S, Garcia-Filion P, et al. Child abuse education: an objective evaluation of resident and attending physician knowledge. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011; 27(10): 937–940.
  8. Connors ME, Morse W. Sexual abuse and eating disorders: a review. Int J Eat Disord. 1993; 13(1): 1–11.
  9. Behar R, Arancibia M, Sepúlveda E, et al. Child sexual abuse as a risk factor in eating disorders. In: Morton N, ed. Eating Disorders. 1st ed. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc. ; 2016: 149–171.
  10. Carter JC, Bewell C, Blackmore E, et al. The impact of childhood sexual abuse in anorexia nervosa. Child Abuse Negl. 2006; 30(3): 257–269.
  11. Rayworth BB, Wise LA, Harlow BL. Childhood abuse and risk of eating disorders in women. Epidemiology. 2004; 15(3): 271–278.
  12. Ackard D, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan P, et al. Binge and purge behavior among adolescents:. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2001; 25(6): 771–785.
  13. Deep A, Lilenfeld L, Plotnicov K, et al. Sexual abuse in eating disorder subtypes and control women: The role of comorbid substance dependence in bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999; 25(1): 1–10, doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199901)25:1<1::aid-eat1>3.0.co;2-r.
  14. Waller G, Katzman MA, Waller G, et al. Sexual abuse as a factor in eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1991; 159(2): 664–671.
  15. Hall RC, Tice L, Beresford TP, et al. Sexual abuse in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Psychosomatics. 1989; 30(1): 73–79.
  16. Midei AJ, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT. Childhood abuse is associated with adiposity in midlife women: possible pathways through trait anger and reproductive hormones. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(2): 215–223.
  17. Bentley T, Widom CS. A 30-year follow-up of the effects of child abuse and neglect on obesity in adulthood. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009; 17(10): 1900–1905.
  18. Mamun AA, Lawlor DA, O'Callaghan MJ, et al. Does childhood sexual abuse predict young adult's BMI? A birth cohort study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(8): 2103–2110.
  19. Goedecke JH, Forbes J, Stein DJ. Differences in the association between childhood trauma and BMI in black and white South African women. African Journal of Psychiatry. 2013; 16(3).
  20. Garrocho-Rangel A, Márquez-Preciado R, Olguín-Vivar AI, et al. Dentist attitudes and responsibilities concerning child sexual abuse. A review and a case report. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015; 7(3): e428–e434.
  21. Pawlaczyk-Kamieńska T, Borysewicz-Lewicka M. Diagnosis of Child Abuse in Pediatric Dentistry – a Case Report. Dental and Medical Problems. 2016; 53(2): 296–298.
  22. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. Pediatr Dent. 2016; 38:177-180. http://www.aapd.org/media/Policies_Guidelines/G_Childabuse1.pdf.
  23. WHO, The Development Data Group of the World Bank, Washington DC. Levels and trends in child malnutrition [UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates]. New York: UNICEF, Geneva: WHO, Washington DC: World Bank; 2017, https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JME-2017-brochure-1.pdf.
  24. World Health Organization. Consideration of the evidence on childhood obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: report of the ad hoc working group on science and evidence for ending childhood obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/206549/1/9789241565332_eng.pdf.
  25. World Health Organization Consultation on Obesity. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000, http://www. who int/nutrition/publications/obesity/WHO_TRS_894/en.
  26. World Health Organization Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr. 2006; Suppl 450:76–85, http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/Growth_standard.pdf. Brak odnośnika.
  27. Smink FRE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012; 14(4): 406–414.
  28. World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th revision (ICD-10), Geneva: World Health Organization;2011. http://apps who int/classifications/icd10/browse/Content/statichtml/ICD10Volume2_en. ; 2010: pdf.
  29. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Fifth edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. ; 2013.
  30. Walsh JM, Wheat ME, Freund K. Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician. J Gen Intern Med. 2000; 15(8): 577–590.
  31. Castellini G, Lelli L, Ricca V, et al. Sexuality in eating disorders patients: etiological factors, sexual dysfunction and identity issues. A systematic review. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2016; 25(2): 71–90.
  32. Chandy JM, Blum RW, Resnick MD. Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 1996; 20(12): 1219–1231.
  33. Paszyńska E, Słopień A, Ślebioda Z, et al. Macroscopic evaluation of the oral mucosa and analysis of salivary pH in patients with anorexia nervosa. Psychiatr Pol. 2014; 48: 453–464. Brak odnośnika.
  34. Osińska A, Mozol-Jursza M, Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, et al. Bulimia nervosa – its prevalence, symptoms and treatment with special attention to oral health. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna. 2016; 16(3): 276–284.
  35. BJÖRNTORP P. Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease? Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991; 230(3): 195–201.