Radiological anatomy of distal phalanx of front foot in the pure Iranian Arabian horse
Abstract
Background: Among the different breeds of horses, Asil horses with a five thousand year history have played an important role in human life. This study was designed as a result of the lack of information about the normal radiographic anatomy of this breed.
Materials and methods: Radiography of the distal phalanx and associated soft tissue structures of the front feet of 10 healthy pure Iranian Arabian horses was performed on lateromedial radiographic projection to determine normal radiographic morphometry of this part. There were no problems in their limbs and in their history.
Results: Obtained radiograph of each front distal phalanx was used to measure important distances, angles and ratios of the hoof wall. There was no significant difference between left and right digits for any radiographic determination.
Conclusions: Measurements of this study differed from those reported in other breeds, so it can be used in the future as reference values for diagnosis of laminitis in front feet of Iranian Arabian horses.
Keywords: Iranian Arabian horsedistal phalanxradiographic anatomy
References
- Balch OK, Butler D, Collier MA. Balancing the normal foot: hoof preparation, shoe fit and shoe modification in the performance horse. Equine Vet Edu. 1997; 9(3): 143–154.
- Baxter GM. Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses. 5th ed. Wiley, Philadelphia, USA 2002: 645–664.
- Bushe T, Turner T, Poulos P, et al. The effect of hoof angle on coffin, pastern, and fetlock joint angles. Proc Am Ass: Equine Pract. 1987; 33: 729–737.
- Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ. Foot, pastern and fetlock. In: Clinical Radiology of the Horse. 2nd ed. Blackwell, Oxford, UK 2000: 27–130.
- Colles CM. Interpreting radiographs 1: the foot. Equine Vet J. 1983; 15(4): 297–303.
- Collins SN, Dyson SJ, Murray RC, et al. Radiological anatomy of the donkey's foot: objective characterisation of the normal and laminitic donkey foot. Equine Vet J. 2011; 43(4): 478–486.
- Collins SN, van Eps AW, Pollitt CC, et al. The lamellar wedge. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2010; 26(1): 179–195.
- Collins SN, Wealleans H, Hopegood L, Latham RJ, Newlyn HA, Reilly JD. Current studies on the donkey hoof. Medicine and Surgery of the Donkey. Proceedings 2nd CPD Course, Glasgow 2002: 1–15.
- Cripps PJ, Eustace RA. Radiological measurements from the feet of normal horses with relevance to laminitis. Equine Vet J. 1999; 31(5): 427–432.
- Cripps PJ, Eustace RA. Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK. Equine Vet J. 1999; 31(5): 433–442.
- Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Rogers KA, et al. A comparison of three horseshoeing styles on the kinetics of breakover in sound horses. Equine Vet J. 2002; 34(2): 184–190.
- Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot. Equine Vet J. 2004; 36(5): 431–435.
- Eustace RA, Cripps PJ. Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK. Equine Vet J. 1999; 31(5): 433–442.
- Herthel D, Hood DM. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis of chronic laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1999; 15(2): 375–94, vii.
- Hood DM, Taylor D, Wagner IP. Effects of ground surface deformability, trimming, and shoeing on quasistatic hoof loading patterns in horses. Am J Vet Res. 2001; 62(6): 895–900.
- Koblik PD. O'Brien TR, Coyne CP Effect of dorsopalmar projection obliquity on radiographic measurement 01 distal phalangeal rotation angle in horses with laminitis. J Am Vet Med Ass. 1988; 192: 346–349.
- Kummer M, Geyer H, Imboden I, et al. The effect of hoof trimming on radiographic measurements of the front feet of normal Warmblood horses. Vet J. 2006; 172(1): 58–66.
- Kummer M, Lischer C, Ohlerth S, et al. Evaluation of a standardised radiographic technique of the equine hoof. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2004; 146(11): 507–514.
- Linford RL, O'Brien TR, Trout DR. Qualitative and morphometric radiographic findings in the distal phalanx and digital soft tissues of sound thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res. 1993; 54(1): 38–51.
- Masoudifard M, Vajhi AR, Mansouri Sh, et al. Radiographic measurements of front feet of the sound Akhal-Teke horses. IJVM. 2014; 8(1): 21–25.
- McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse Equus caballus. J Exp Biol. 2003; 206(Pt 8): 1325–1336.
- O'Brien T, Baker TA, Brounts SH, et al. Detection of articular pathology of the distal aspect of the third metacarpal bone in thoroughbred racehorses: comparison of radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Surg. 2011; 40(8): 942–951.
- O'Grady SE, Poupard DA. Physiological horseshoeing: an overview. Equine Vet Educ. 2010; 13(6): 330–334.
- Parks AH. The foot and shoeing. In: Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA 2003: 252–275.
- Parks AH, Mair TS. Laminitis: A call for unified terminology. Equine Vet Educ. 2009; 21(2): 102–106.
- Redden RF. Hoof capsule distortion: understanding the mechanisms as a basis for rational management. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2003; 19(2): 443–462.
- Reilly JD. The donkey’s foot and its care. In: The Professional Handbook of the Donkey. 2nd ed. Whitter Books, London, UK 1997: 71–93.
- Rendano VT, Grant B. The equine third phalanx: its radiographic appearance. J Am Vet Radiol. 1978; 19: 125–135.
- Stashak TS. Laminitis. In: Stashak TD, eds. Adams lameness in horses. 5th ed. Baltimore, USA. 2002: 645–664.
- Tacchio G, Davies HMS, Morgante M, et al. A radiographic technique to assess the longitudinal balance in front hooves. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002(34): 368–372.
- Vali R. Some radiological measurements from the front feet of sound Dareh-Shori horses with relevance to laminitis and founder. Tren Life Sci. 2014; 3(4): 238–243.
- Wilson AM, McGuigan MP, Fouracre L, et al. The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease. Equine Vet J. 2001; 33(2): 159–165.
- Wright IM, Douglas J. Biomechanical considerations in the treatment of navicular disease. Vet Rec. 1993; 133(5): 109–114.