Anatomical study of the renal excretory system in pigs. A review of its characteristics as compared to its human counterpart
Abstract
Background: Despite the importance of the pyelocalyceal system in the pig as an experimental model, there is little information about this particular anatomical subject. We determined the morphological characteristics of the renal excretory system in pigs.
Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 130 pairs of kidneys of pigs destined to slaughter. The pyelocalyceal system was subjected to injection technique — corrosion by infusion of polyester resin (85% Palatal and 15% Styrene) and subsequent infusion in potassium hydroxide (KOH) for 10 days. The significance level used was p < 0.05.
Results: The renal excretory system is characterised by the presence of type A major cranial and caudal calyxes seen in 34.3% of the kidneys (type A1 in 30% and type A2 in 4.3%). type B calyxes, corresponding to minor calyxes draining directly into the renal pelvis, were present in 65.7% of the specimens (type B1 59.2%; type B2 6.5% of the cases). The number of minor calyxes in the collector system was 7.9 ± 2.27 with statistically significant differences in side (p = 0.0047).
Conclusions: The morphometric characteristics of the kidneys in this study are slightly smaller than reported in humans. Similarly, the incidence of type A renal excretory system distribution is highest in humans and lowest in pigs. Due to its few morphological differences, the pig kidney is an excellent model for teaching- -learning processes, for research purposes, and for training of urologic applications.
Keywords: minor calyxespigrenal pelvisureterkidney
References
- Acar C, Küpeli B, Gürocak S, et al. Is pelvicaliceal anatomy a risk factor for stone formation in patients with solitary upper caliceal stone? Urology. 2006; 67(6): 1159–1163.
- Aron M, Gill IS. Renal tumor ablation. Curr Opin Urol. 2005; 15(5): 298–305.
- Augustyn M. Variation of the calicopelvic system of the human kidney in ontogenetic development. Folia Morphol. 1978; 37(2): 157–165.
- Bagetti Filho HJS, Pereira-Sampaio MA, Favorito LA, et al. Pig kidney: anatomical relationships between the renal venous arrangement and the kidney collecting system. J Urol. 2008; 179(4): 1627–1630.
- Brashears JH, Raj GV, Crisci A, et al. Renal cryoablation and radio frequency ablation: an evaluation of worst case scenarios in a porcine model. J Urol. 2005; 173(6): 2160–2165.
- Cavalcanti J, de Carvalho RM, Revoredo W. Morphological study of the pyelo-calyce-pyramidal system in human kidney. Rev Chil Anat. 1996; 14(2): 163–168.
- Chaveau A, Arloing S, Lesbre FX. Traité d’ anatomie compare des animaux domestiques. Bailleére et Fils. 1905; 2: 82.
- Collyer W, Venkatesh R, Vanlangendonck R, et al. Enhanced renal cryoablation with hilar clamping and intrarenal cooling in a porcine model. Urology. 2004; 63(6): 1209–1212.
- Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJ. Textbook ok veterinary anatomy. WB Saunders 1987: 524.
- Earp PP. Percutaneous renal surgery--new model for learning and training. Int Braz J Urol. 2003; 29(2): 151–154.
- Gardner SM, Wolf JS, Nakada SY, et al. The unintubated ureterotomy endourologically revisited. J Urol. 1996; 156(3): 1160–1163.
- Getty R. The anatomy of the domestic animals. Fifth edition. WB Saunders. 1975: 1298.
- Hammond L, Ketchum J, Schwartz BF. A new approach to urology training: a laboratory model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol. 2004; 172(5 Pt 1): 1950–1952.
- Janzen NK, Perry KT, Han KR, et al. The effects of intentional cryoablation and radio frequency ablation of renal tissue involving the collecting system in a porcine model. J Urol. 2005; 173(4): 1368–1374.
- Johnson DB, Solomon SB, Su LM, et al. Defining the complications of cryoablation and radio frequency ablation of small renal tumors: a multi-institutional review. J Urol. 2004; 172(3): 874–877.
- Kaouk JH, Gill IS, Desai MM, et al. Laparoscopic anatrophic nephrolithotomy: feasibility study in a chronic porcine model. J Urol. 2003; 169(2): 691–696.
- Kosiński H. Variations in shape and position of human renal pelvis. Folia Morphol. 1987; 46(3-4): 207–214.
- Kupeli B, Tunc L, Acar C, et al. The impact of pelvicaliceal anatomical variation between the stone-bearing and normal contralateral kidney on stone formation in adult patients with lower caliceal stones. Int Braz J Urol. 2006; 32(3): 287–294.
- Margulis V, Matsumoto ED, Taylor G, et al. Retrograde renal cooling during radio frequency ablation to protect from renal collecting system injury. J Urol. 2005; 174(1): 350–352.
- McDougall EM, Clayman RV, Chandhoke PS, et al. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in the pig model. J Urol. 1993; 149(6): 1633–1636.
- Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E. The viscera of the domestic animals. Second edition. Springer-Verlag 1979: 294.
- Nizankowski C. Suggestion of new classification of the shape of human renal pelvis with consideration of the number of renal papillae. Folia Morphol. 1978; 37(4): 367–380.
- Pereira-Sampaio MA, Henry RW, Favorito LA, et al. Proportional analysis of the pig renal parenchyma and sinus structures. Cells Tissues Organs. 2008; 187(4): 316–321.
- Piasecki Z, Jugowski F, Piotrowski J. Formy miedniczek nerkowych u człowieka w odlewach i radiogramach. Folia Morphol. 1969; 28: 177–187.
- Sampaio FJB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Anatomic classification of the kidney collecting system for endourologic procedures. J Endourol. 1988; 2(3): 247–251.
- Sampaio FJB, Lacerda CAM. Morphométrie du rein: étude appliquée á l’urologie et á l’imagerie. J Urol. 1989; 95: 77.
- Sampaio FJB. Inferior pole collecting system anatomy: ita probable role in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 1992; 147: 322.
- Sampaio FJB. Anatomical classification of the pelviocaliceal system: urologic and radiologic implications. In: Renal Anatomy Applied to Urology. Endourology and interventional Radiology, Thieme Medical Publishers, New York 1993: 5.
- Sampaio FJ, Pereira-Sampaio MA, Favorito LA. The pig kidney as an endourologic model: anatomic contribution. J Endourol. 1998; 12(1): 45–50.
- Schwalb D, Eshghi M, Cord J, et al. The minipig as a practical endourologic model. Journal of Endourology. 1989; 3(1): 85–90.
- Schwarze E, Schröder L. Compendio de anatomía veterinaria: El sistema visceral. Acribia, Vol. 2 1970: 230.
- Sisson S, Groosman JD, Getty R. Anatomía de los animales domésticos. Salvat 5 edicion tomo II 1995: 1430–1431.
- Shingleton WB, Farabaugh P, Hughson M, et al. Effects of cryoablation on short-term development of urinary fistulas in the porcine kidney. J Endourol. 2003; 17(1): 37–40.
- Szymański J, Konarska S, Polguj M, et al. Pelvi-caliceal collecting system in swine--authors own anatomical classification. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2012; 21(1): 27–33.
- Zhang L, Liu C, Li F, et al. Diagnosis of 65 cases of ampullary renal pelvis after postnatal follow-up of 1,167 newborn infants with prenatally suspected hydronephrosis. Exp Ther Med. 2015; 9(1): 151–153.
![](https://journals.viamedica.pl/plugins/generic/popups/images/icons/close.png)