Anatomical transverse magnetic resonance imaging study of ligaments in palmar surface of metacarpus in Miniature donkey: identification of a new ligament
Abstract
Background: Palmar region of metacarpus in the horses and donkeys is an important region because of its tendons and ligaments which contribute to stay apparatus. This study was done on forelimbs of 6 healthy Miniature donkeys to detect the tendons, ligaments and their accessories on the palmar surface of metacarpus in this animal.
Materials and methods: Based on that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a good technique to evaluate the soft tissues such as tendons and ligaments, palmar aspects of metacarpus in 6 euthanatised Miniature donkeys were prepared for anatomical and trans-sectional MRI studies to determine the tendons and ligaments in this region.
Results: Suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon and its inferior check ligament were similar to them in the horse. Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in this animal had superior check ligament that was present before the carpal joint. On the other hand in the Miniature donkey there was a second accessory ligament for the SDFT that originated from the proximal of palmar surface of the large metacarpal bone which we named it second accessory ligament of SDFT. This ligament was determined in the MRI images too.
Conclusions: It seems that this ligament helps the Miniature donkey to stay apparatus, supporting more weight and load for a longer period of time and distance which is a specific morphological feature in this animal.
Keywords: Miniature donkeysuperficial digital flexor tendonsecond accessory ligament
References
- Alrtib AM, Philip CJ, Abdunnabi AH, et al. Morphometrical study of bony elements of the forelimb fetlock joints in horses. Anat Histol Embryol. 2013; 42(1): 9–20.
- Bischofberger AS, Konar M, Ohlerth S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the suspensory ligament origin: a comparative study of normal anatomy of warmblood horses. Equine Vet. J. 2006; 38(6): 508–516.
- Brokken MT, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of proximal metacarpal and metatarsal injuries in the horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2007; 48(6): 507–517.
- Budras KlD, Sack WO, Rock S. Anatomy of the horse. 5th ed. Frankfurt, Germany: Schlutersche. 2009: 8–11.
- Cillán-García E, Milner PI, Talbot A, et al. Deep digital flexor tendon injury within the hoof capsule; does lesion type or location predict prognosis? Vet Rec. 2013; 173(3): 70.
- De Lahunta A, Habel RE. Applied veterinary anatomy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, USA: WB Saunders. 1986: 104–105.
- Dyson S, Murray R, Schramme M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine foot: 15 horses. Equine Vet. J. 2003; 35(1): 18–26.
- Dyson SJ, Kidd L. A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint in 59 horses. Equine Vet. J. 1993; 25(2): 93–98.
- Getty R. Sisson and Grossman’s the anatomy of the domestic animals, 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990
- Gustås P, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, et al. Relationships between fore- and hindlimb ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns in trotting horses. Equine Vet. J. 2004; 36(8): 737–742.
- Hjertén G, Drevemo S. Semi-quantitative analysis of hoof-strike in the horse. J Biomech. 1994; 27(8): 997–1004.
- Hudson PE, Corr SA, Payne-Davis RC, et al. Functional anatomy of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) forelimb. J Anat. 2011; 218(4): 375–385.
- Kasashima Y, Kuwano A, Katayama Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging application to live horse for diagnosis of tendinitis. J Vet Med Sci. 2002; 64(7): 577–582.
- Kasashima Y, Kuwano A, Katayama Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging application to live horse for diagnosis of tendinitis. J Vet Med Sci. 2002; 64(7): 577–582.
- Kingsbury HB, Quddus MA, Rooney JR, et al. A laboratory system for production of flexion rates and forces in the forelimb of the horse. Am J Vet Res. 1978; 39(3): 365–369.
- Kraft SL, Gavin P. Physical principles and technical considerations for equine computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2001; 17(1): 115–30, vii.
- Martinelli MJ, Kuriashkin IV, Carragher BO, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint: three-dimensional reconstruction and anatomic analysis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1997; 38(3): 193–199.
- McDuffee LA, Stover SM, Coleman K. Limb loading activity of adult horses confined to box stalls in an equine hospital barn. Am J Vet Res. 2000; 61(3): 234–237.
- Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC, Van Osch GJ, et al. Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot. Equine Vet J. 1993; 25(2): 134–137.
- Merritt JS, Pandy MG, Brown NAT, et al. Mechanical loading of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in horses during walking and trotting. Am J Vet Res. 2010; 71(5): 508–514.
- Murray RC, Mair TS, Sherlock CE, et al. Comparison of high-field and low-field magnetic resonance images of cadaver limbs of horses. Vet Rec. 2009; 165(10): 281–288.
- Nagy A, Dyson S. Magnetic resonance anatomy of the proximal metacarpal region of the horse described from images acquired from low- and high-field magnets. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2009; 50(6): 595–605.
- Nagy A, Dyson S. Anatomical, magnetic resonance imaging and histological findings in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon of forelimbs in nonlame horses. Equine Vet. J. 2011; 43(3): 309–316.
- Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E. The anatomy of the domestic animals. 2nd ed. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Humburg, Germany. 1973; 3: 77–99.
- Murray R, Roberts B, Schramme M, et al. Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Morphology using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2004; 45(2): 103–111.
- Reis A, Baccarin R. The cross-sectional area of the superficial digital flexor tendon of trained and untrained Thoroughbred racehorses. Ciência Rural. 2010; 40(8): 1786–1790.
- Sampson SN, Tucker RL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2007; 6: 78–85.
- Tony WL, Luis C, Soslowsky LJ. Biomechanics of tendon injury and repair. J Biomech. 2004; 37: 865–877.
- Tucker RL, Sande RD. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine musculoskeletal conditions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2001; 17(1): 145–57, vii.
- Widmer WR, Buckwalter KA, Hill MA, et al. A technique for magnetic resonance imaging of equine cadaver specimens. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1999; 40(1): 10–14.
- Witte TH, Knill K, Wilson AM. Determination of peak vertical ground reaction force from duty factor in the horse (Equus caballus). J Exp Biol. 2004; 207(Pt 21): 3639–3648.
- Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004; 224(3): 411–418.
- Zubrod C, Schneider R, Tucker R. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to identify suspensory desmitis and adhesions between exostoses of the second metacarpal bone and the suspensory ligament in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004; 224(11): 1815–1820.
