Evaluation of cytotoxicity and pH changes generated by various dental pulp capping materials — an in vitro study
Abstract
Introduction. Various materials are used in direct dental pulp capping method. Their biocompatibility and alkalizing abilities are of primary importance affecting therapeutic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of various pulp-capping materials on human gingival fibroblasts and investigate the pH changes induced by these materials.
Material and methods. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured with nine direct pulp materials using culture plate inserts. The cytotoxic effects were recorded by using an MTT-based colorimetric assay after 3 and 24 h. In the second part of the experiment, the materials were inserted in dialysis tubes and transferred into plastic vials containing deionized water. The changes of the medium pH were measured after 3 and 24 h.
Results. We showed differences in cell viability of gingival fibroblasts after varied time of exposition for the tested materials. Cell viability after 24 h increased for Dycal, Biopulp, and Calcipro, and decreased for Calcipulpe, Angelus, Angelus White, and ProRoot Regular. Cell viability for ProRoot and Life did not change. Non-setting calcium hydroxide preparations followed by the MTA group and setting calcium hydroxide materials produced the highest pH. All the tested materials significantly increased pH (p < 0.0001) at 24 h.
Conclusions. Currently used pulp capping materials varied in their cytotoxicity relative to human gingival fibroblasts and their alkalizing capacities. Since most likely pH does not affect the viability of cultured cells, further investigations are required to determine physicochemical properties of these materials and the biological activity of the dental pulp.
Keywords: gingival fibroblastscytotoxicitydental pulp capping materialspH
References
- Takita T, Hayashi M, Takeichi O, et al. Effect of mineral trioxide aggregate on proliferation of cultured human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J. 2006; 39(5): 415–422.
- Camargo SEA, Camargo CHR, Hiller KA, et al. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pulp capping materials in two cell lines. Int Endod J. 2009; 42(3): 227–237.
- Tziafas D. The future role of a molecular approach to pulp-dentinal regeneration. Caries Res. 2004; 38(3): 314–320.
- Dominguez MS, Witherspoon DE, Gutmann JL, et al. Histological and scanning electron microscopy assessment of various vital pulp-therapy materials. J Endod. 2003; 29(5): 324–333.
- Camilleri J, Pitt Ford TR. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a review of the constituents and biological properties of the material. Int Endod J. 2006; 39(10): 747–754.
- Schuurs AH, Gruythuysen RJ, Wesselink PR. Pulp capping with adhesive resin-based composite vs. calcium hydroxide: a review. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000; 16(6): 240–250.
- Khashaba RM, Lockwood PE, Lewis JB, et al. Cytotoxicity, calcium release, and pH changes generated by novel calcium phosphate cement formulations. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010; 93(2): 297–303.
- Hirschman WR, Wheater MA, Bringas JS, et al. Cytotoxicity comparison of three current direct pulp-capping agents with a new bioceramic root repair putty. J Endod. 2012; 38(3): 385–388.
- Ko H, Yang W, Park K, et al. Cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and response of rat pulp to MTA and BMP-2. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109(6): e103–e108.
- Margunato S, Taşlı PN, Aydın S, et al. In Vitro Evaluation of ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and MM-MTA on Human Alveolar Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Terms of Biocompatibility and Mineralization. J Endod. 2015; 41(10): 1646–1652.
- Silva EJ, Neves AA, De-Deus G, et al. Cytotoxicity and gelatinolytic activity of a new silicon-based endodontic sealer. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2015; 13(4): e376–e380.
- Silva EJ, Santos CC, Zaia AA. Long-term cytotoxic effects of contemporary root canal sealers. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013; 21(1): 43–47.
- Mohammadi Z, Dummer PMH. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Int Endod J. 2011; 44(8): 697–730.
- Okabe T, Sakamoto M, Takeuchi H, et al. Effects of pH on mineralization ability of human dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2006; 32(3): 198–201.
- de Andrade Ferreira FB, Silva E Souza Pd, do Vale MS, et al. Evaluation of pH levels and calcium ion release in various calcium hydroxide endodontic dressings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004; 97(3): 388–392.
- Bae KH, Chang SW, Bae KS, et al. Evaluation of pH and calcium ion release in capseal I and II and in two other root canal sealers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 112(5): e23–e28.
- Murray PE, Garcia Godoy C, Garcia Godoy F. How is the biocompatibility of dental biomaterials evaluated? Medicina Oral Patologia y Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2007; 12(3): E258–E266.
- Wataha JC. Principles of biocompatibility for dental practitioners. J Prosthet Dent. 2001; 86(2): 203–209.
- Camilleri J, Montesin FE, Di Silvio L, et al. The chemical constitution and biocompatibility of accelerated Portland cement for endodontic use. Int Endod J. 2005; 38(11): 834–842.
- Yoshino P, Nishiyama CK, Modena KC, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of white MTA, MTA Fillapex® and Portland cement on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Braz Dent J. 2013; 24(2): 111–116.
- Keiser K, Johnson CC, Tipton DA. Cytotoxicity of mineral trioxide aggregate using human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Endod. 2000; 26(5): 288–291.
- AlAnezi A, Jiang J, Safavi K, et al. Cytotoxicity evaluation of endosequence root repair material. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010; 109(3): e122–e125.
- Monteiro Bramante C, Demarchi AC, de Moraes IG, et al. Presence of arsenic in different types of MTA and white and gray Portland cement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008; 106(6): 909–913.
- Hirose Y, Yamaguchi M, Kawabata S, et al. Effects of extracellular pH on dental pulp cells in vitro. J Endod. 2016; 42(5): 735–741.
- Zmener O, Pameijer CH, Banegas G. An in vitro study of the pH of three calcium hydroxide dressing materials. Dent Traumatol. 2007; 23(1): 21–25.
- Tamburić SD, Vuleta GM, Ognjanović JM. In vitro release of calcium and hydroxyl ions from two types of calcium hydroxide preparation. Int Endod J. 1993; 26(2): 125–130.
- Tanomaru-Filho M, Chaves Faleiros FB, Saçaki JN, et al. Evaluation of pH and calcium ion release of root-end filling materials containing calcium hydroxide or mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod. 2009; 35(10): 1418–1421.
- Duarte MA, Demarchi AC, Yamashita JC, et al. pH and calcium ion release of 2 root-end filling materials. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003; 95(3): 345–347.
- Antunes Bortoluzzi E, Juárez Broon N, Antonio Hungaro Duarte M, et al. The use of a setting accelerator and its effect on pH and calcium ion release of mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cement. J Endod. 2006; 32(12): 1194–1197.
