The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly changed the health care system and turned medical services dysfunctional [1, 2]. During the pandemic, many reports were heard about the impact of COVID-19 infection on the cardiovascular system [3–5]. We now have access to much larger studies that reveal this phenomenon not only in the context of one infection but also reinfection. Data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs’ national healthcare database shows that each severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection raises the probability of death, being hospitalized, and developing long-term effects on different organs and systems. Compared to the no-reinfection group (n = 5,334,729), reinfection group (second time or more) (n = 40.947) increased the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.17), hospitalization (HR = 3.32) and consequences — pulmonary (HR = 3.54), cardiovascular (HR = 3.02) and renal (HR = 3.55). This risk persisted for up to 6 months (follow-up) and was independent of vaccination status. Compared to uninfected controls (n = 5,334,729), the burden of reinfection resulted in a cumulative risk depending on the number of infections; those who had only one infection had an increased risk of at least one of the sequelae at HR = 1.37, the risk was higher in those who had two infections (HR = 2.07), and the highest risk was in those with three or more infections (HR = 2.35) [6]. These studies indicate a significant problem that will be faced in the health care system and significant increases in the population of patients treated by cardiology specialists. Therefore, one of the most important tasks that should still be in force is reducing the number of infections through vaccination and personal protective equipment. Despite the fact that the public is not enthusiastic about it, they should also be informed and educated on what it entails. As we know, vaccination significantly reduces the risk of a severe course, but the latest vaccinations and booster doses aimed at new variants will significantly help us reduce the number of infections and, consequently, the side effects of diseases even in groups of patients who do not have a severe course of the disease [7–9]. In the context of epidemiology, widespread testing of infected people should also be restored, as is currently the case in many countries, such as China, which has recorded numbers of infections since the beginning of the pandemic. Widespread testing as well as self-testing and self-isolation would significantly reduce the number of infected people, especially with highly infectious variants such as Omnicron, which, despite the overall lower risk of a severe course, may contribute to the complications mentioned above [10].
Risk of cardiovascular events and death according to COVID-19 reinfection
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Abstract
covid-19
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Cardiology Journal
2023, Vol. 30, No. 3, 495–496
DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2023.0031
Copyright © 2023 Via Medica
ISSN 1897–5593
eISSN 1898–018X
Risk of cardiovascular events and death according to COVID-19 reinfection
Address for correspondence: Dr. Alla Navolokina, European School of Medicine, International European University,
Akademika Hlushkova Ave, 42B, Kyiv, Ukraine, tel: +380673772377, e-mail: allanavolokina@ieu.edu.pl
Received: 24.11.2022 Accepted: 28.04.2023 Early publication date: 8.05.2023
This article is available in open access under Creative Common Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license, allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the publisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially.
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