open access
Vol 77, No 5 (2009)
Review paper
Published online: 2009-08-12
Submitted: 2013-02-22
Get Citation
Antiphospholipid syndrome - an update on diagnosis and treatment
Monika Szturmowicz
Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2009;77(5):460-468.
open access
Vol 77, No 5 (2009)
REVIEWS
Published online: 2009-08-12
Submitted: 2013-02-22
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) was described by Hughes et al in 1986 and then by Harris et al in 1987. The symptoms of
disease are related to the presence of autoantibodies directed against plasma and serum proteins that form complexes with
phospholipids of cell membranes. The immunologic process involving vascular endothelium, thrombocytes and coagulation
factors is responsible for enhancement of procoagulation mechanisms and as a result - venous and arterial thrombosis.
Actual criteria of recognition of APS were published in 2006 as a result of 11th International Congress on Antiphospholipid
Antibodies which was taking place in 2004 in Sydney. Multiorgan symptoms of disease, criteria of recognition and methods
of treatment were discussed in the present paper.
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) was described by Hughes et al in 1986 and then by Harris et al in 1987. The symptoms of
disease are related to the presence of autoantibodies directed against plasma and serum proteins that form complexes with
phospholipids of cell membranes. The immunologic process involving vascular endothelium, thrombocytes and coagulation
factors is responsible for enhancement of procoagulation mechanisms and as a result - venous and arterial thrombosis.
Actual criteria of recognition of APS were published in 2006 as a result of 11th International Congress on Antiphospholipid
Antibodies which was taking place in 2004 in Sydney. Multiorgan symptoms of disease, criteria of recognition and methods
of treatment were discussed in the present paper.
Get Citation
Keywords
antiphospholipid syndrome; diagnosis; treatment
About this articleTitle
Antiphospholipid syndrome - an update on diagnosis and treatment
Journal
Advances in Respiratory Medicine
Issue
Article type
Review paper
Pages
460-468
Published online
2009-08-12
Bibliographic record
Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2009;77(5):460-468.
Keywords
antiphospholipid syndrome
diagnosis
treatment
Authors
Monika Szturmowicz
References (44)- Sherer Y, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): where does it come from? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007; 21(6): 1071–1078.
- Ząbek J. Zakażenia a zespół antyfosfolipidowy. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 61–64.
- Hoppensteadt DA, Walenga JM. The relationship between the antiphospholipid syndrome and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008; 22(1): 1–18, v.
- Dyszkiewicz W, Gąsiorowski Ł. Zatorowość płucna w przebiegu zespołu antyfosfolipidowego. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 39–40.
- Hughes G, Harris EN, Gharavi A. The anticardiolipin syndrome J. Rheumatol. 1986; 13: 486–489.
- Harris EN, Baguley E, Asherson RA, et al. V. Clinical and serological features of the “antiphospholipid syndrome” Br. J Rheumatol. 1987; 26(supl. 2): 19.
- Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4(2): 295–306.
- Zimmermann-Górska I. Kryteria klasyfikacyjne dla zespołu antyfosfolipidowego — kolejna modyfikacja. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2006; 65: 396–400.
- Galli M, Reber G, de Moerloose P, et al. Invitation to a debate on the serological criteria that define the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2008; 6(2): 399–401.
- Pengo V. A contribution to the debate on the laboratory criteria that define the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2008; 6(6): 1048–1049.
- Zawilska K. Przeciwciała antyfosfolipidowe — czynnik zagrożenia żylną chorobą zakrzepowo-zatorową i zakrzepicą tętniczą. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 41–45.
- Hoppensteadt D, Walenga J. The Relationship Between the Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 2008; 22(1): 1–18.
- Windyga J. Przeciwciała antyfosfolipidowe jako czynnik ryzyka żylnej choroby zakrzepowo-zatorowej. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2002; 108: 1065–1070.
- Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R, Doria A, et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Circulation. 2005; 112(21): 3337–3347.
- Baker WF, Bick RL. The clinical spectrum of antiphospholipid syndrome. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008; 22(1): 33–52, v.
- Fisher K, Brzosko M, Walecka A, et al. Znaczenie zespołu antyfosfolipidowego i przeciwciał antyfosfolipidowych u chorych na toczeń rumieniowaty układowy w ocenie ryzyka rozwoju subklinicznej miażdżycy. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 13–17.
- Zimmermann-Górska I. X-lecie zespołu antyfosfolipidowego. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 8–12.
- Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, et al. Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus. 2003; 12(7): 530–534.
- Al-Ansari MA. A 51-year-old woman with blanched skin, coagulopathy, abdominal pain, and cardiopulmonary failure. Chest. 2007; 131(5): 1603–1607.
- Hirsh J, Guyatt G, Albers G, et al. Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2008; 133(6): 71–109.
- Konstantinides SV, Torbicki A, Agnelli G, et al. Authors/Task Force Members, Authors/Task Force Members, Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2008; 29(18): 2276–2315.
- Erkan D, Lockshin MD. New treatments for antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006; 32(1): 129–148.
- Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(12): 1133–1138.
- Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3(5): 848–853.
- Khamashta MA, Hunt BJ. Moderate dose oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome? No. J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3(5): 844–845.
- Rickles FR, Marder VJ. Moderate dose oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome? No. J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3(5): 842–843.
- Dentali F, Manfredi E, Crowther M, et al. Long-duration therapy with low molecular weight heparin in patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome resistant to warfarin therapy. J Thromb Haemost. 2005; 3(9): 2121–2123.
- Holtan SG, Knox SK, Tefferi A. Use of fondaparinux in a patient with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4(7): 1632–1634.
- Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donatti MB, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines, wyd. 8 edition Chest. 2008; 133: 141–159.
- Kur-Zalewska J, Tłustochowicz W, Rzeski M. Postępowanie w zespole antyfosfolipidowym z objawami ze strony ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2006; 65: 471–476.
- Bick RL, Baker WF. Treatment options for patients who have antiphospholipid syndromes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008; 22(1): 145–153.
- Skrzypczak J. Leczenie zespołu antyfosfolipidowego w ciąży. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 50–53.
- Bick RL. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008; 22(1): 107–120.
- Bates SM, Greer IA, Pabinger I, et al. American College of Chest Physicians. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008; 133(6 Suppl): 844S–886S.
- Erkan D. Therapeutic and prognostic considerations in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2006; 6(2): 98–103.
- CERVERA R, ASHERSON R. Multiorgan failure due to rapid occlusive vascular disease in antiphospholipid syndrome: the 'catastrophic' antiphospholipid syndrome. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology. 2004; 7(3): 254–262.
- Marson P, Bagatella P, Bortolati M, et al. Plasma exchange for the management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: importance of the type of fluid replacement. J Intern Med. 2008; 264(2): 201–203.
- Erre GL, Pardini S, Faedda R, et al. Effect of rituximab on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and a review of literature. Lupus. 2008; 17(1): 50–55.
- Musiał J. b2 glikoproteina-I — podstawowy antygen w zespole antyfosfolipidowym. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2007; 117(supl.): 59–60.
- Wahl D, Thiebaugeorges O, Regnault V, et al. Pursuing the debate on the serologic criteria that define the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2008; 6(8): 1433–1435.
- Fonseca AG, D'Cruz DP. Controversies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: can we ever stop warfarin? J Autoimmune Dis. 2008; 5: 6.
- Lockshin MD. Update on antiphospholipid syndrome Bull. NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2008; 66: 195–197.
- Ng HJ, Crowther MA. Anticoagulation therapy in the antiphospholipid syndrome: recent advances. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005; 11(5): 368–372.
- Baker WF, Bick RL, Fareed J. Controversies and unresolved issues in antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008; 22(1): 155–174.